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Used to run oil fired boilers. CO was 0%. It was monitored, but if there was CO, that meant insufficient O2, which meant incomplete combustion, which meant $$$ going up the stack rather than making steam.

We didn't monitor NOx.

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Scientists have discussed this and agreed that we'd better not contaminate Mars with Earth life, at least not util we have confirmed if there is or isn't any indigenous life. This was formalized in article IX the Outer Space Treaty. Based on this agreement COSPAR was founded, and they defined the 5 categories of planetary protection.

Therefore, all vehicles going to Mars are thoroughly decontaminated before launch.

This requirement is a bit less strict for vehicles that are not intended to land, or going to other celestial bodies that are not deemed of any interest for the origins of life, or where Earth microbes are not expected to survive.

Absolutely. Darker skin has more melanin, which offers more protection from harmful sun rays. As people started migrating into Europe, where the sun shines a lot less, it became more important to have lighter skin that makes vitamin d more efficiently.

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> converting heat into work

This article (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121119140627.htm) mentions an overall efficiency for solar steam of around 24%. Probably a bit more now.

But less than I expected!

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wonderfully put, good job.

Your brain uses a combination of outputs to determine your orientation and keep your balance, this includes mostly the inner ear, vision and the sense of where your limbs are (proprioception).

When those inputs differ, your brain tries to compensate. And often it just can't. Also, one of the things that could make these inputs differ is through some forms of poisoning (I don't really remember how exactly). This is why we developed or survived better with the mechanism of puking when this happens.

Do we know if this is still true in species like crocodiles that freely lose/regrow teeth?

Myeah, but then the problem is that such expansions would often be oversimplified.

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Yup, for anyone interested, many SCUBA divers use wetsuits which trap a layer of water inside that your body heats up to keep you warm even in somewhat cold waters. Drysuits keep the water out but are less comfy and are for more extreme cold temps, usually < 50°F (you get cold faster in water so even 50° is dangerous if unprepared)

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Yeah, that was silly. I looked up atomic masses, got the molecular mass for tritium and didn’t think twice about it in the math. Thanks for the catch!