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Testosterone does not make pregnancy impossible, that’s a very dangerous myth. Trans men typically don’t get pregnant because they either have/use some form of birth control, or dislike or arrive sex due to dysphoria, or only have AFAB partners. Many trans men are still very fertile. We would have to stop hormones in order to have a safe pregnancy, but getting pregnant on hormones is COMPLETELY possible and does happen.

Yes! Other commenters are talking about shallow sea fossils. Shallow sea fossils are very common, probably the most common fossils out there. But fossils of deep sea animals are pretty rare.

This is for two reasons. First, the ocean floor is constantly getting subducted beneath the continents, destroying any fossils that it contains. This especially true for extreme deep sea trenches like the Mariana Trench, which are connected directly to subduction zones. Second, the pressure in the deep sea is not conducive to preserving mineral remains. Most fossils are made of calcite or apatite, and both degrade under pressure.

However, we have found some deep sea animal fossils! Like these sea stars found in the alps, or this ichthyosaur that probably filled a similar niche as sperm whales.

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I'd like to add to this with: subjective feeling of decongestion is related to perception of airflow, and substances OP mentioned provide an additional "cooling effect" by chemically stimulating the cold receptors. This is interpreted as increased airflow - similarly to how after using a cooling spray on your skin it's suddenly way easier to feel even a slight breeze. There was even a study done on that effect, that proved that menthol alone can increase the subjective feeling of decongestion on par with some actual decongestant with zero increase in nasal flow.

Drugs such as xylometazoline and adrenaline delivered topically will actually affect the size of nasal conchae (turbinates) - with mid concha hanging directly over the maxilary sinus entrance.

It actually doesn’t open the sinuses, It gives the feeling that your sinuses are opening from a cooling effect. It’s a trick on the receptors in your nose even if you can’t smell. Actual nasal decongestants have active chemicals and can have added menthol but it’s not required.

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This is incorrect, and a common misconception. BBPV is indeed a disorder caused by otoconia displacement but that displacement won't be commonly caused by a spinning manouvre, but usually by sharp accelerated unidirectional head movements, or changes in the endolymph. Completely unrelated to what we experience after spinning lets say on a merry-go-round.

Animal vision relies on the image on the retina being somewhat stable. Similarly to how a head of a chicken is stablised by neck muscles to prevent "retinal slip" human vision relies on Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Generally speaking oculomotor muscles adjust for movements of the head to stabilise the image by rapidly shifting the eye it in the other direction. Spining movement is a special situation in which (A) - VOR is continuuos and unidirectional and (B) - unable to fully compensate for movement. That causes a level of overcompensation persisting after the movement ends, causing nystagmus, and producing motion sickness symptoms.

EDIT: I don't want to sound hostile but it feels like the response you provided was written by a bot.

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I can talk about your question on serotonin and dopamine (not so much testosterone).

Serotonin and dopamine are not "happy chemicals". That is a very common misunderstanding and a huge oversimplification. They are neurotransmitters with an enormous number of roles in the body, some of which are indirectly related to regulation of moods and emotions and most of which are not. But they do not, in and of themselves, cause "happiness" or feelings of reward. They're a means by which neurons communicate with eachother but they don't themselves carry information about what the message being communicated should be. Their actions are highly context dependent and depend on myriad other influences (neuroanatomical context, receptor type, modulating influence of other neurotransmitters...it's extremely complex). Trying to understand mood by looking at a neurotransmitter is a bit like trying to understand how a car works by studying the chemistry of the materials it is made from.

I kind of think of neurotransmitters sort of like sending messages in a large office. There might be several ways you can do that (email, written note, formal letter, telephone, face to face). Each method being analogous to a different neurotransmitter. Different methods may be more or less appropriate for different kinds of message but knowing the means of communication tells you nothing about the message itself. This is (very much simplified) the mistake people are making when they talk about serotonin and dopamine being "happy chemicals" and quote scientifically illiterate ideas like "dopamine hit".

We don't actually know how SSRI's work either. A lot of the "serotonin is a happy chemical" stuff actually comes from the observation that SSRIs do work, not the other way around. "SSRIs work therefore serotonin must improve mood". But there is growing evidence that their mechanism of action WRT depression may not be anything to do with serotonin at all. At least not directly. I mean they definitely do inhibit reuptake of serotonin but that is not necessarily how they are having their effect on mood.

This 2022 paper gives a good overview of where we're at with that stuff: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0

>The main areas of serotonin research provide no consistent evidence of there being an association between serotonin and depression, and no support for the hypothesis that depression is caused by lowered serotonin activity or concentrations.

From the top of my pharmacist brain:

The Cockcroft-Gault equation used for determining renal function has a different multiplier for women. This determines what drugs can/can’t be used or adjustment of drug dose depending on level of renal impairment.

Classification of UTIs is automatically more complicated for men which dictates the type of treatment. Men are typically more resistant to getting UTIs due to the added length of the penis.

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Like alcohol?

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It’s a really strange argument to make in general. These are concerns about the health of a trans person being used to deny rights to them.

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I’m disabled and I get picked up in ambulances a handful of times every year. Sometimes I’m unconscious, sometimes I don’t have my ID. My health is bad enough that minutes literally matter in those situations (my heart “pauses”). I’d imagine there’s thousands of people in the same boat.

Before anyone asks, this was more at the beginning of my illness 16 years ago, I am better about keeping my ID and medical info on me now. But people make mistakes and forget, especially when they’re ill.

Those aren't emergencies and it would come up in any prior appointment or while making the appointment. It may be a bureaucratic issue if insurance doesn't want to pay for a (diagnostic) procedure that's not in accordance with the gender on record. But that's something fixable with insurance policies becoming more inclusive and not something that would lead to worse health outcomes for the patient.

Yeah. Neither is the birth certificate or ID card always available (like when you get into an accident while jogging). So for emergencies, the gender on those documents rarely plays a role. And in cases the patient is still able to talk (or has someone with them who knows them) and they answer honestly to "Are there any prior medical issues or infos we should know about?", it can be taken into consideration anyway.