To add to this: this is why the James Webb-telescope is such a great tool. It can 'see' much longer wavelengths and therefore can see more distant stuff.

Hm, yeah, sorry. I'm more familiar with the medical issues of transwomen then transmen. But you're right, the transman I know used an IUD for protection until he had a hysterectomy.

So for the possible pregnancy complications, transmen being well educated and EMTs considering it as a possibility is important.

As a pharmacy student I asked my teacher about the Cockcroft-Gault equation in regards to transpeople. Since it isn't quite certain where the difference comes from, it isn't known which equation should be used for trans patients. The equation is only able to give an estimate based on averages and if you really need to know the renal function, doing the full work up that needs the urine collected over 24 hours is the only accurate method anyway. Since sex hormones change a lot and could alter renal function by themselves, I'd imagine a trans woman could be close to the male average at the beginning, but closer to the female average after a decade or so of taking hormones. But we just don't have scientific data to actually tell when which modifier should be used.

As for UTIs, that would also depend on whether the transgender person is operated or not. So pre-OP transmen could do with the "easier" treatment, post-OP they would probably fall into the complicated category. And that's not considering that it might be an OP-related infection if the OP wasn't too long ago.

It's definitely certain that medical professionals need to know the medical history to choose the best treatment. But whether the birth certificate contains the AGAB or the right gender, it may lead to the wrong treatment for trans people anyway. So using that as a reason to not be allowed to change it just seems like an excuse to me.

Not only that those substances don't actually cause decongestion at all, just the perception of it: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-003-0041-6

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While I could not find the link to an actual study, it looks like Kaiser Permanente conducted some kind of study that shows that Wasabi does not in fact cause sinuses to open.

Similarly, there are apparently several studies showing that menthol has no such effect.

I'm growing a wasabi plant in my home. Gonna be about 3 years until I can harvest it, but then I can start splitting the rhizomes to plant new ones and start my own personal fresh wasabi source!

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It's not that difficult to get grated wasabi root where I am, and I'm in the the US about as far from any oceans as possible. It's true that pretty much everything you'll find in restaurants or in those little packets is just horseradish and mustard seed, but this is the one I usually get, it's sold in quite a few stores nearby

Because real Wasabi is exceedingly difficult to grow in large quantities.

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As others have indicated, yes, fossils of deep sea organisms tend to be more rare, or at least are not as well represented as fossils in shallow marine or continental slope areas. The primary reasons for this is subduction of oceanic lithosphere and the general depositional history that characterizes these environments (e.g., Holland, 2016). As highlighted in this paper (and generally in many paleontology textbooks), the fossil record is relatively biased toward organisms that were deposited in environments that have a higher preservation potential (of which the deep sea, along with extremely erosive environments etc., is not one). An additional influence, depending on the geologic period and the type of fossil in question, that can influence preservation of deep sea fossils is the carbonate compensation depth, i.e., basically the depth below which carbonate begins to preferentially dissolve (there is a similar depth for aragonite). Given that the preserved part of many marine invertebrates are their calcite or aragonite hard parts, areas of the sea floor below the CCD are not conducive to preservation of their remains.

Wasabi, outside of Japan and the immediate area, is colored horseradish.

One way to think about it is like artificial flavorings. The flavor of a cherry is complicated, so when a single chemical (usually benzaldehyde) is used to simulate the flavor of cherries or almonds, it’s a poor imitation of the real thing. It’s reminiscent of cherries because benzaldehyde is one of many flavor chemicals in cherries and almonds, but it doesn’t capture the full complexity of their flavor.

Similarly, a human experience like “winning” likely can’t be reduced to a single hormone or neurotransmitter. Brains and bodies are complex, so the experience of reward after winning likely includes many stimuli apart from testosterone - there are many subjective feelings and neurotransmitters/hormones involved in the struggle and victory, and these occur in a certain order during the experience of winning. The secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters is often local and has different effects in different parts of the body. Trying to achieve the same effect by injecting a single chemical is a bit like trying to swat a fly with a sledgehammer.

When the other cues of the struggle and victory are absent, it’s not surprising that even (a subset of) the same chemicals wouldn’t have the same effect. The brain’s expectations have a huge impact on our experience of events (consider the well-known placebo and nocebo effects), so even if we could perfectly simulate the hormonal effects of winning, a part of the subjective experience would be absent, so we might not expect the full effect to be present.

As for the god hypothesis… assuming one exists, he apparently has no problem with cheating, otherwise he wouldn’t have designed cuckoos to deposit their eggs in other birds’ nests so that they wouldn’t have to raise them on their own. Among thousands of examples where cheating occurs in nature and humans, often with impunity!

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It's convinced it needs to protect the sinuses because the nerves are freaking out. Mucus and tears rinse the insides of your head holes out when the nerves complain enough.

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Wasabi contains allyl isothiocyanate which is an irritant. Your body increases mucus production and secretion in an attempt to protect the nasal tissue and flush the chemical from your nose. Horseradish contains the same chemical.

Deep sea floors are constantly changing through subduction zones, so a not insignificant quantity of the fossilised remains will get pulled back to the upper mantle and destroyed.

Past this, one of the main ways that fossils are preserved in shallow seas are where an event occurs causing a large silt deposit on top of the dead animal, causing it to effectively be entombed in mineral deposits, which eventually leech into and replace the animals prior body structures. The faster the animal is entombed, the better preserved it will be. See the fossil that was excavated in a Canadian mine where a dinosaur with almost intact skin and innards was found. In fact the innards had not even hardened which led to the fossil breaking during excavation.

Another issue is that a lot of deep sea life is either cartilaginous or does not involve some sort of hard carapace. Bones and exoskeletons preserve better, and whilst fossil jellyfish have been found, if you weren't an expert you would think it was a smear on a rock

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So why does my nose run when I get a big dolop of Wasabi?

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