PBS Eons has a video that discusses fossil evidence for the anatomy required to make human speech. Essentially, about 3 million years ago.

[When We First Talked] (https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=eCW0zyDGuXc)

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Can you better explain what the question is? If you mean a fusion reactor, the fusion reaction continues until you either run out of fuel or can no longer maintain the containment and allow the materials to spread/cool too much to continue fusing. I don’t see how time dilation comes into play, or what a 10 billion year time scale has to do with anything.

It's not limitless because there is a finite amount of hydrogen in its storage. But even more so because it uses a stupendous amount of hydrogen every single second.

So 1) Man made devices just need to be fueled with hydrogen, and hydrogen is very very common. Not limitless, sure, but very common still

2. We would require the tiniest fraction of what the sun uses to generate all the the energy we use, which means even with a smaller amount of hydrogen available they might last longer

Of course, all this is moot if humans don't manage to survive long enough to really do anything with fusion because of climate change

Why have the Biden administration, DOJ, and even the mainstream media, almost totally ignored (even denying it at times) the huge border crisis of illegal immigration? It is, and has been, a humanitarian disaster of truly epic proportions, and it is unconscionable that it is being allowed, and even encouraged!

The late fusion stages in a high mass star, say 25 solar masses, are brief indeed. The overall life of such a star is only about 3 million years, but in the dying stages:

Carbon burning - 600 years.

Neon burning - 1 year.

Oxygen burning - 6 months.

Silicon burning - 1 day (!).

And then the iron core collapses, in most cases triggering a supernova. (Some ranges of stellar mass and metallicity result in collapse to black hole without a supernova.)

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec18.html

How is inflation determined by the market? You're not implying that inflation is caused by the market correct?

I also don't believe that fed does an efficient job at "absorbing" inflation as seen currently with record high inflation. They respond way too slow. There is also something to be said about the Fed manipulating the nominal rate so much that is causes price distortions in the economy as seen in 01' and 08'. Many have argued that the record low nominal rates have caused bigger booms and bigger busts as it causes speculation in the markets. Why would you put money in a "savings" account when you can only make .1%? Does lower interest rates in your opinion not spur speculation and greed since you cannot find a good return in any savings account with low nominal rates?

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> Obviously there are lots of complexities and uncertainties that such a society would need to navigate, but the main thrust is that if we abolish private property, there is no longer a role for money to play.

I'm still having a bit of trouble with this, and rather than trying to put it into words, I think an example would be more useful.

Say you have Bob. Bob wants a cake for a celebration. He could make it himself, but he's not that great at it and it might not turn out so hot. However, he knows Dave bakes great cakes, the best you can get in the local area. Now they're not exactly friends, so Dave probably won't take the time to bake the cake just because Bob asks (if it was life or death, that's another matter, but ultimately it's just a cake). But! Bob is a great artist, and he knows Dave wants a painting of his family. An offer is made and agreed to, Bob gets a cake, and Dave gets a painting.

Now, this type of exchange seems like one where just having some money as an abstraction of labor that could be stored and transferred at will would be useful, rather than having to perform all labor as it comes.

So I guess, how would this transaction go down in an Anarchist society? Would this type of transaction take place in an Anarchist society? Does Bob ever get good cake and does Dave ever get a nice painting? Is it just assumed that, in an anarchist society, every Bob and Dave are good enough friends to do this type of non-critical "luxury" labor just as part of the friendship? Are the communities just small enough so that Bob's celebrations are Dave's celebrations and vice versa?

Also, any recommended reading/places where I could badger with lots of questions, because my mental wheels keep spinning off into unknown unknowns as I try to figure out what such a society would look like and how/if it would be able to supply services like modern medicine, or the internet, or widescale publication of literature, etc etc etc

Why is helium so effing cool?

> > > > > The Ptolemy line, from which Cleopatra VII (the famous Cleopatra) descended, had partial Greek ancestry.

I mean they originally were fully Greek, and they did their level best to stay that way through most of their dynastic period. Even when they adopted the local custom of sibling marriage, that would only have reduced the influx of local non-Greek heritage.

There are political/cultural/history questions - in both cases it depends very much on the specific context.

As far as I know, the demarcation problem has not been solved which makes answering this question "correctly" impossible.

That being said, (modern) economics is typically referred to as as "social science" and operates how I expect most people expect a science to operate. Namely, formulating hypotheses and models, testing them using data, and throwing out the theories that turn out to be wrong.

The process is, of course, much messier than a physical science like chemistry or physics for many reasons. The largest is that it is unfeasible and/or unethical to run many controlled experiments that one might want to run.

Its highly infectious compared to covid, as much or more, and it is established not zoonotic, its more stable, less unpredictable, more virulent without provoking disturbing signs that cause isolation. I got rotavirus for xmas. 44. Fever 4 - 5 days.

> To me this change to start with the more significant number makes sense. But what led to this change in numbering and when did it take place? Did it follow a longer debate? Was there a transition period?

You could argue we're in a stalled transition period. The teens have not been switched - it "should" be teenthir instead of thirteen etc.

>Could a similar transition happen to other languages like german, where at the moment a "two-and-twenty"-style numbering is in place?

I don't see why not, in principle. Some German books even recommended that in the early days of adoption of the Arabic numerals (which are the reason for the confusion - they go in the opposite direction of original Germanic pronunciation of numbers). Martin Luther wasn't a fan though, and that was probably the deciding factor. It's unlikely anyone will decide to switch it around anytime soon, but not impossible.

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I heard it's similar in biology with race, population, species etc. and medicine with diseases and syndromes...

Science is just labeling Rorschach blots.

Oldest known language is Sumerian and that was more than 5000 years ago.

Prior to that I would say it's not possible to know since it was probably never written down.

If trans-Neptunian objects are too dim to see with most telescopes, why is it not an option to just... light them up? Wouldn't a powerful laser from Earth be able to illuminate a small corner of the sky for observation?

and even if you feel less of the stimulant effect, it still messes with your adenosine neurotransmitters impacting your ability to sleep.

Harvesting fresh water from the ocean or in dry areas - My question is does harvesting water from the desert air not make the area more dry?

When it comes to using de-salination plants would the water that is being put back in the ocean hurt marine life/plants?

The only hospital I ever worked at certainly did, but it was out of necessity due to staffing issues.

I've always entertained the thought of small-celled organisms within the under oceans of Europa. I think that's the right one? Something about the friction of an elongated orbit generating enough heat to keep the salty 'ocean' liquid under the surface..

667CC is a lot closer than 22B.. still hard to fathom that kind of distance though. What are your thoughts on other-than-carbon-based lifeforms?

So is fusion not limitless? If a star uses fusion in its process and lasts only 10 billion years, then what chance does a man-made device have for lasting even close to that long with time dilation in play?