> Since time slows down as you move faster, we are aging slower than a person would if they were at “rest frame” right?

Not really. You could as well say that we are at rest and they are moving faster. There is nothing special about the CMB frame in that respect. But we can compare the time dilation between us, and I’m sure someone did the math. I have a feeling it will be small.

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> “if speed can only be measured relative to something else, what if our ‘absolute speed’ in the universe […]

The fact that speed can only be measured relative to something else implies that there is no absolute speed. Also, the flow of time is always normal for yourself. It’s only that you see others, moving at very different speeds, to have dilated time, compressed space.

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That's correct that the orbits within the extended galactic mass distribution resemble orbits about a point mass in two dimensions (or an infinite line mass in 3D). In both cases the gravitational potential is logarithmic with respect to distance. That's coincidental, and I'm not familiar with any mathematical tricks that take advantage of the correspondence.

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The central gravitational force and the centrifugal force cancel exactly. The same principle applies for any orbit/free fall motion, for example our orbit about the sun, or a spacecraft's orbit about the earth.

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Yes very, this is the exact premise of how Hobbit holes/underground buildings stay warm. Very little surface area exposed to the cold outer environment and the soil/ground work as a very thick layer of insulation.

The Milky Way and Andromeda are moving toward each other at about 110 km/s, according to this article. They're expected to collide in about 4 billion years (keeping in mind that they accelerate as they approach).

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How come we don’t experience any centripetal force from the motion of the solar system/earth around the Milky way center?

The difference is that you are thinking about orbits fully outside the gravitating body (the star, planet, or moon). In contrast, objects in a galaxy are orbiting inside an extended mass distribution. This means more distant objects feel the gravitational influence of more mass below them.

> Actually, I've just looked up the moon's orbital velocity at 1km/s and low earth orbit as 7km/s so that's the complete opposite of what the simulation implies, which definitely requires prograde burns to increase apoapsis.

Both are correct. You have to speed up to get to a higher orbit, and yet that results in you moving slower on average! As I noted in another comment, that is very interesting because it means gravitational systems have a negative heat capacity (adding energy cools them).

Cool. I had no idea (or at least recollection) that the liquid core created a magnetosphere. I just thought it was gravity that gave us the ability to have an atmosphere.

I am still unsure why such a hot core wouldn't affect the temperature of the ground. Is dirt and rock really that insulating?

This doesn't seem quite correct:

"During inflation the speed of light (C for ease of conversation here) was obviously higher because C is the fastest anything can travel in the universe."

While no information can travel faster than C, inflation of the universe doesn't necessarily count for that because no information is being transferred faster than light. Indeed we're pretty sure that in the modern universe it is expanding at a rate such that some points are moving away from each other faster than light.

I would edit that to remove "coronavirus-2 or" -- it's not nearly the second coronavirus ever detected and I don't think it's ever been referred to by that label (other than in your comment). Wikipedia says "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2)" -- you can't just drop the first 4 words.

Woah. This got my brain going. Solar, galactic, super group orbit timed just right could move pretty fast.

Well, not just gravity but everything seems to seek its lowest energy state.

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The opposite: since we are currently moving (with respect to the CMB frame) slower than the galaxy by about 180 km/s, in half a galactic year we should be faster than the galaxy by about the same, achieving about 730 km/s.

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That's a different question that should be asked separately, it's a public health question, not a virology question, and it shouldn't be limited to coronaviruses.

In special relativity, simultaneity depends on your reference frame. In one reference frame, event A can occur before event B, but in another, event A can occur after event B. There is no absolute ordering of events that are separated in space time, unless the events are causally connected.

>But if the bullets looked at each other they would only see themselves moving apart at the speed of light.

Additionally, the reference frame of the bullet (photon) is not defined. There is no reference frame where a photon is at rest, so you cannot use special relativity to consider the perspective of the "bullet."

If the bullets were traveling at almost c, each bullet would regard the other bullet as traveling at almost c. You may observe the bullets moving away from each other at almost 2c from your reference frame and hitting the walls simultaneously, but the bullets would not. See closing speeds and other examples of apparent superluminal speeds.

The limitation is whether supplements help at all. Some do, if you have a deficiency like iron. Newer ones we don't really know. But collagen is known to not absorb directly, it is broken down by digestion, so you are better off using the direct supplements it's made of like vitamin c and others.

If you have a collagen synthesis problem, that's generally not going to be solved by supplements because those are genetic and not dietary.

The answer will depend on how far back you want to go.

Way back with Arisistotle it was basically thought that the “earth” element pulled things towards the center of the universe.

From there many individuals separately began to describe this attractive force that pulled stuff to the earth, and even began to calculate/quantify it.

So it’s not really true that Newton came up with the idea of a “gravitational force” in the sense of some sort of law of nature that made apples fall from trees.

What Newton did was develop a law of universal gravitation that could actually be applied to everything. At least everything up until we started seeing relativistic effects.

His mathematical equations/proofs showed that the same force that made apples fall to the earth was what made the planets move, and that the force was at least correlated with mass. Prior to Newton the two were not unified, and many thought they were separate phenomena.