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Yeah there's a 90 degree phase shift as things continue to cool off, like the ocean. But that's also why id didn't start getting immediately cooler after June 21. If you remember, it actually keeps getting hotter and hotter for awhile. The ocean stores it up and starts dumping the heat back into the system in the fall.

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I see. Thanks again!!

That's describing immunofluorescence microscopy, a more labor-intensive way of doing it. I assume ELISA is more widely used nowadays. And they do mention the option of using human cell lines - that would be the better choice as you want to see if there are antibodies against human nuclear proteins/antigens. Animal cells will have homologous proteins/antigens which some of the antibodies would likely still recognize, but human ones would be better. In an ELISA you would just use purified human proteins/antigens.

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The flu and associated deaths from the flu was virtually wiped out. I never understood the truly ignorant people that kept insisting masks do nothing or that it was some sort of government conspiracy. Especially since I would bet 100% of those people would NOT want a surgeon operating on them with no mask.

That's why we are in the middle of a major flu epidemic. Nobody is wearing masks anymore. You think people would have learned something.

> Gold appeared to be the most suitable substance for such comparative measurements, since it can be obtained in very thin and uniform foils

So... In theory... We could dramatically reduce infection rates by making all jobs that could be work at home, work at home? And for those that can't be, rotating working shifts month by month?

Yes. Rates of flu went WAY down in schools last year. (This is in schools where mask and hand sanitizers were the norm) Far fewer absences.

Now I will say that in Dec 2019/Jan 2020 there was a nasty flu going around and a school I work for implemented masks and hand washing/sanitizer regimens. This was before we ever heard of Covid. But for the first time EVER, I didn't get sick, and neither did most students. It was eye-opening. Covid hit just a few months later and we were already totally used to masks and hand washing and so on by then.

People in general but kids in particular now know how to wash hands properly and regularly. School absence rates are lower than expected even now.

Wait but they used to use animal cells? https://www.hopkinslupus.org/lupus-tests/lupus-blood-tests/ 'usually sections of rodent liver/kidney or human tissue culture cell lines' What I mean to say is, do human cells and rat cells share the same antigens. Thanks for replying btw

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The problem I see there is making an effective organometallic interface or flexible carbon wire that can also send signals back to make it function seamlessly.

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The body only really makes antibodies against stuff it has actually encountered. So a human would only have antibodies against animal stuff that has come into contact. Under normal circumstances that might be a bit of hair and the like, rather than more intact/living cells or their nuclei (what ANA tests for).

An ANA test on human blood will usually be ELISA and not have anything to do with animal cells. They will probably use secondary antibodies from some animal (mouse, rat, rabbit, whatever floats your goat) just to bind to and detect human antibodies. You wouldn't be mass producing those antibodies in animals though, rather you'd generate some clonal cell lines.

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The difference between nerves that carry light touch and nerves that carry deep pain is pretty big. Remember stubbing your toe and waiting for the pain to arrive?

The difference between a short person and a tall person is not as big as that.

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