If it snows, snow is a pretty effective sound absorber and can make sounds sound clearer due to the lack of reflections on surfaces covered in snow. It wouldn’t be louder though, it would be softer.

If you mean without snow, I have no clue.

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Also, the sun is lower in the sky during winter, and sidelighting tends to look “crisper” than overhead lighting (like noon in summer).

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I put this in another comment as well, but to provide a direct answer to your request, here's a link to the EPA's guidebook on air quality impacts on visibility, written with an emphasis on views in national parks. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-07/documents/introvis.pdf

also pollen! in much of the world the warmer months have air quality reduction from tree and plant pollen in the air.

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I meant tested (by the companies) and then approved (by the fda). I know lol.

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No, the time light took to reach us only correlates with the amount that the light's frequency is shifted and not with the light's absolute frequency. For example, the CMB is actually a whole spectrum of frequencies. Those frequencies don't take (significantly) different amounts of time to reach us; if they did, the CMB spectrum wouldn't be such a perfect blackbody spectrum.

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Galaxies exist in the first place because the early universe was not completely uniform. Some regions were slightly denser than others. These density variations were initially at the level of one part in 10-100 thousand (10^(-5) to 10^(-4)), but gravity amplified them over time. Denser regions tended to pull in surrounding matter, becoming still denser. Eventually, the densest patches formed galaxies.

However, initial variations in the density of the universe also existed at scales much larger than galaxies. Due to this large-scale structure, galaxies are now moving toward regions of higher density and away from regions of lower density.

Here's an example movie. "z" in the corner is the redshift, essentially inverse time (smaller is later). The key point is that galaxies form (the yellowish color) but continue moving as they coalesce into still larger systems.

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Most drugs have a delivery dependent on molecule type. Most „small molecules“ are delivered orally as they can pass through the intestinal walls and are not denatured whereas big molecules (for example antibodies) would be denatured in the gut and hence rendered useless which means they are generally injected. Another thing to consider is pharma cocinnetics but in the end you will never be able to use a big molecule drug in a pill to be swallowed

Companies need to test any delivery method they intent to get marketing approval for. If a drug is approved for oral ingestion (pill or liquid), they need to test it that way. If approved and brought to market, that’s how it should be used. If someone is silly (or stubborn) enough to use it any other way (lets say, snort a crushed pill), that is not the company’s responsibility (though they probably will get some flack for it….) For some medication where alternative intake is a concern, companies may alter the formulation, for instance add a substance to the pill that makes it impossible to crush fine enough to snort, or make a liquid for ingestion very viscous so it can’t be injected.

Though it's also considered an aesthetic feature, the "breathing" of Appalachian-range mountains in the morning as the sun heats overnight dew and obscures the view with rising fog at each ridge. While many find it beautiful, I've met a couple western-U.S. natives who found it almost claustrophobic.