so, how would one go about seeing if they have one of these syndroms?

i had counted, when i was much lighter than now, just over 160 lipoma, they are showing up again as i lose weight (yay!) but now i gotta wonder, what else is possibly going on?

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This is why if you take a drop of food coloring and place it in a container, you can watch the diffusion process happen fairly quickly. A long time ago, a group I was in was tasked with measuring something just like this. We designed an experiment, and even modified glassware (sealing it) to minimize external factors. We were so confident that our design would yield the results that most closely mirrored the theoretical results. In the end, we were off by a very large factor, say 1000x or something, because we left the light from the spectrometer on, which increased the temperature on that point of our apparatus. Otherwise, our professor praised our design.

They move (on average) at 500m/s but they are bouncing back and forth randomly. On average a molecule moves away from it's starting location at the square root of time. So if it takes 1 us to move 1 um then it takes 4 us to move 2 um, 1e6 us to move 1e3 um and 1e12 us to move 1e6 um (or 1 million seconds to move 1 meter).

I pulled those numbers out of my ass but if you know the root mean velocity (your 500m/s number) and the root mean path (average distance until collision) you can use the two numbers to derive the diffusion coefficient from first principles.

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Brownian motion, water phase diagrams, triple point, and the relationship between Pressure and and Temperature. These topics will cover the idea well enough.

https://www.expii.com/t/phase-change-diagram-of-water-overview-importance-8031

one way to understand it is as the solid goes to liquid the molecules have more energy "ability to move" and depending on if S. L or Gas the molecules have more (S) attraction to each other or less (G) water is particularly "sticky" with itself so tends to congregate, lakes, clouds, icebergs in purer forms than say aluminum and iron which need to be mined out of rock. Temperature is really measuring the Kinetic (moving) energy of the substance. so higher T means more motion in the substance.

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This question is deceptively complex. Because random motion is (wait for it) random the molecules move left as much as they move right. The result is that distance the average molecule grows with the square root of time. I'm pulling these number out of my ass, let's say it takes 1 microsecond for the average molecule to move 1 micrometer. How long does 2 micrometers take? Your gut instinct probably says 2 microseconds, but the random back and forth means it doesn't grow linearly.

It would take 4 microseconds to move 2 micrometers (because you doubled the distance and 2 squared is 4). It takes 8 microseconds to move twice as far as that and 16 to move twice as far as that... So to move a millimeter (1000x as far) it takes 1 second (1,000,000 times as long). To move a meter (1e6 micrometers) it takes 1e12 microseconds or 1 million seconds or ~11 days. 2 meters is 44 days, 4 meters is 176 days...

But that's diffusion. You said "stationary body of water" which means diffusion is the only thing acting on it. If only diffusion existed, our sense of smell would take days or even years to detect the fire across the room from us. But if the temperature is different in different parts of the room (like because of a fire or a human), then temperature differences lead to density differences which causes convection. The bulk of mass transport in fluids is caused by convection (wind, currents, etc). You waving your hand in the air is also convection (because your hand creates a pressure difference as it moves)

And just in case my graduated advisor is reading this, there's also migration which is caused by electrical gradients. Migration is relevant in electroplating, batteries, ion channels, and more. But that's like 5 lectures away from what we're talking about now.

Edit: someone in another comment used an actual diffusion coefficient and calculated that it takes years for a molecule to move from one side of a bath tub to the other. It's also worth pointing out that is the mean distance from the source, so half the molecules didn't move that far.

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> How the temperature relates to other state variables is different (and difficult!) in liquids but that doesn't apply to kinetic energy

Is there a simple explanation for why this is the case? Given the presence of intermolecular potentials (which are not quadratic terms), I wouldn't expect equipartition to hold. Is the argument that this effect is negligible, and if so, how does one argue that it is?

Furthermore, does your calculation account for vibrational and rotational modes?

If you could point me to sources that cover these questions, I'd be very grateful. Thanks.

Yes, as a general rule if it can happen with an enzyme it can happen without an enzyme, enzymes just help things along.

The actual formation of nucleotides is a little more tricky, as that requires energy from the environment. Then you start to delve into deviations from the Miller-Urey experiment and arguments on what is more likely to have happened.

For RNA world to be true, you need to get catalytic activity from a simple repeating molecule, and if that molecule can actually form spontaneously is much more of a question of chance then actual chemical limitations.

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> those with the Murine Double Minute 2 gene

Everyone has the MDM2 gene, I think you mean the tumors with a mutation in MDM2.

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I am aware of the mechanisms of these conditions, but insulin levels can still be high even if blood glucose is in range and stable. If an individual (diabetic or not) is insulin resistant, surely their “fasting” insulin will be higher than someone who is not insulin resistant.

I’m asking how this excess insulin is removed from the body when it is not used.

I would also clarify that FAP by itself is different from Gardner syndrome. Gardner syndrome is FAP + osteomas, Desmoid tumors, cysts, etc.

Awesome reply, thank you!

Wait, why is it that it can never be greater than escape velocity? If theyre falling towards the earth then surely thats not an issue as they would hit the planet not escape

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Specific drugs or mutations to ion channels that change their activation threshold could change firing threshold. In your example, it may depend on the structure of the receptor and how it senses/interacts with the molecules it senses. Mutations or drugs that change the conformation and/or charge of the detection site could change sensitivity

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