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Ive heard by many nurses that sex within the hospital campus amongst hospital staff (ie nurses, doctors, cnas, food service workers) is a widely known phenomenon

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DNA is a molecule that stores genetic information in the form of a code made up of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). These bases are paired together in a specific way to form a double-stranded helix structure, with adenine pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine.

As u/CrustalTrudger notes, they're just impact craters. The reason they are perfectly circular is due to energy dissipation. When an object impacts the surface, the energy of impact is spread out equally in every direction creating a circular crater. This happens regardless of the shape of the impacting object. And it's not just impact craters that are circular; if you look at pictures of explosion craters (from mortars or IEDs or volcanoes or whatever) the crater is circular for the same reasons.

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And most importantly the reason why most craters are circular is because of the high impact velocities. The space rocks are so fast relative to eachother that angle doesn't usually matter, the rock simply detonates on impact. And like all explosions, the resulting crater is circular.

I'm going to echo what others have said. Fight-or-flight (and to a lesser extent the preparing for the cold example is you tensing your muscles subtly, hunching your shoulders to protect your inner core, etc.)... These are semi-autonomic responses, like breathing or blinking.

When you prepare for something, you start digging into caloric reserves, your adrenaline production kicks in which lessens your need for oxygen, which distorts your breathing pattern. Your brain manifests some thought of what is coming and so these processes begin, albeit to a lesser extent. Your body is on a 'yellow alert', so moving to 'red alert' becomes less jarring than a flood of adrenaline or muscles tensing up all at once.

There's probably a LOT more going on than that. The human physiology is really a miracle, a complex dance of thousands of variables all working together in a divinely inspired choreograph.

In general, viruses can’t infect through intact skin. It’s generally believed that infection through skin requires some amount of skin damage, even in the case of herpes simplex I (HSV1, the “cold sore virus”) which is highly adapted to humans and spreads pretty effectively.

On the other hand, it’s probably relatively common to have some amount of skin damage just from normal day-to-day living, so this doesn’t present a complete block to infections.

The details of how HSV gets through skin are still surprisingly unclear, including the amount of damage needed to penetrate.

> The general assumption is that skin lesions can serve as entry portals for HSV-1. Under in vivo conditions, damaged skin can result from various sources ranging from mechanical abrasions or burns to impaired epidermal barriers and dysfunctional immune responses causing eczema herpeticum … Taken together, we hypothesize that successful viral invasion via skin lesions in vivo requires more than mechanically disrupted intercellular junctions.

—Ex Vivo Infection of Human Skin with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Reveals Mechanical Wounds as Insufficient Entry Portals via the Skin Surface

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Yeah, it's pretty low, especially for a male having vaginal sex with an infected female.

What was really shocking to me is that when I was growing up just as the AIDS epidemic really took off in the 80s, I was under the impression that heterosexual transmission was extremely high, to the point where if you had sex with an infected person it was basically a death sentence. When I read actual transmission statistics decades later I was surprised that they're actually that low, relatively speaking to what I thought they were before.

IIRC a lot of this came from men infected with HIV that wanted to keep the fact they have sex with other men secret, so they attributed catching it to some unnamed female prostitute, and this skewed transmission statistics in M-F sex.

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They're impact craters. They occur, in varying sizes, on pretty much every solid body in the solar system but the number of preserved craters depends on the extent to which the surface of the body in question has been "resurfaced" (largely because cratering rates are much lower than earlier in the history of the solar system). Because of active plate tectonics and surface processes, Earth does not have many preserved impact craters, especially compared to the Moon, Mercury, etc, but there are a few well preserved ones, which are similarly quite circular.

Most craters are circular. There are elliptical craters (e.g., this example from Mercury), but they are relatively rare, accounting for only around 5% of craters (e.g., Bottke et al., 2000). Very specific conditions need to occur for an impact to generate an elliptical, as opposed to circular crater. One of the critical factors is the angle of impact, with shallow angles between the impact trajectory and the surface favoring ellpitical craters, but other conditions, like slow impact velocities, stronger target materials, and larger impactors, modulate what impact angle is able to produce an elliptical crater (e.g., Elbeshausen et al., 2013).

Because as stated in the research above it was kept in serum. I don't know about you but the environment i live in has very little human cell compatible serum

It’s notoriously fragile outside in vivo. The chances of transmission from blood/bodily fluid outside body is <1/1000. Even a blood needle sticks are ~.5%, or 1/200

Here an interesting article about a child that was a parthenogenetic chimaera, about half his cell only had DNA from his mother.

Strain, L., Warner, J.P., Johnston, T., and Bonthron, D.T., 1995. A human parthenogenetic chimaera. Nature genetics, v. 11, no. 2, p. 164–169.

About 30 years ago, mother in the UK asked for her child to be medically examined because his face was quite asymmetrical, genetic analysis failed to detect any paternal DNA in his blood. After some complex genetic analysis doctors came to the rather startling conclusion that he was a parthenogenetic chimaera, about half his cells only contained DNA from his mother. The child died a few years later, but his death wasn't related to his condition.

They concluded it is was most likely an unfertilised ovum divided parthenogenically (without fertilisation), it almost formed a teratoma (ovarian teratomas form partenogenetically) but one half was fertilized by a sperm. The result merged to form a viable foetus.

The nearest recognised example of a human virgin birth.

Here is the article.

Strain, L., Warner, J.P., Johnston, T., and Bonthron, D.T., 1995. A human parthenogenetic chimaera. Nature genetics, v. 11, no. 2, p. 164–169.

One statement that comes to mind in regards to your last paragraph is that HIV is an opportunistic virus.