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Depends on temperature of air, convection forces of both air and water, density/pressure of air, solutes in water, surface/shape/volume of ice. This isn't an exhausting list but it's the first tings that came to mind

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Well there's definitely an upper upper limit, the point where the mass of the antibodies is bigger than the person.

I meant a scenario like this, where, could there be trillions of trillions of vaccine, or is there an SSD somewhere in the body that'll fill up.

The body makes immunity by having immune cells like B cells which produce antibodies. Those lock onto the antigens of microorganisms that invade your body. There's a lot of complexity beyond that, but generally the limit is whether the microorganism has an antigen that fits an antibody your body has.

If it's fairly close, the body can use a partial fit to make more similar antibodies, so it doesn't need to be a perfect fit.

There's no hard limit that we could reach in a lifetime. Thanks to V(D)J recombination and Somatic hypermutation, there's a very high variance in possible combinations. It's just a matter of if you are lucky enough to have the right antibodies.

However, if you are repeatedly infected by something, it can occupy a large amount of your immune memory e.g. how most T cells in the elderly might be fighting HCMV antigens so it's complicated. Research is ongoing as to the limits of each factor.

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In Greenland heat is generated by loss of gravitational potential energy as the surface meltwater descends into the glaciers. Probably not important for ice cubes melting in a glass of water, but for a very large block of ice preventing this gravitational potential energy conversion by keeping the ice in water would slow the melting.

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There is no right answer without knowing more about the system. All the previous answers hit on most of the salient details. One of the biggest factors will probably be surface area exposed to air. If the container is a poor conductor (e.g. glass) then the water filling the container might reduce that surface area and slow the system. If it's a metal container that would be less of a factor. Another factor to take into account is evaporation which will remove heat from the system, but how big a factor this will be depends on the temperature and humidity of the air. The ice can sublimate as well, but this is a much slower process than evaporation and I don't believe it's exothermic, but I could be wrong.

Easy way to try - put a big block of ice in a cup with a little ice water on the bottom half covering the ice cube. My guess is the water half will melt quicker.

On one hand I agree with your premise, but you are overlooking the fact that the air will be much warmer than the meltwater. Not sure if the temperature difference would be enough to overcome the difference in thermal conductivity.

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I mean, we probably can’t be immune to 100 trillion diseases because that’s more than the number of cells in the body. So is it more likely that our immune system can recognize closer to 50 diseases? 100 diseases? 1,000,000 diseases?

The fact that organisms can mutate/evolve is irrelevant because the question is about the “memory” capacity of the immune system

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Again, explain to me why there would be a limit ? And answer will reveal itself. The human body has been always been able to adapt to intruders. Whether by evolution or mutation. There is no limit to antidotes.

If you want to know if its lethal if you inject a thousand vaccins whithin 24 hr hours, I assume its very likely.

But the question is: Is there a limit to how many illnesses we can be vaccinated against?

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One of the biggest issues with vaccines in general, is that the antibodies to some things just don’t stay in the body for very long. Some vaccines will work the rest of your life. Some will be gone in months.

The fact that viruses also mutate constantly, also make it necessary to create new vaccines constantly. That is why there is a new flu shot every year.

As there is no limit on microorganisms as they seem to evolve, why should there be a limit on the amount of antidotes ? It just seems impossible, because we only know so little in the grand scope of things. Who knows what type of organisms are released from the ice.

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If your heat transfer rate is not high (e.g. you just have it sit in a room temperature environment, not over a fire) then both ice and water will be at the melting point while the ice melts. All the heat will melt ice, so it's only a matter of "collecting" as much heat as you can. Water provides a good contact to container surfaces, so keeping it in is probably a good idea in most cases.

Yes - you have CD8 and CD4 T cells apart from the B cells that make antibodies. These adaptive immune cells routinely react to self-antigen and are then destroyed for doing so. Auto-immunity usually results from a failure of this filtering.

Usually in auto-immunity the CD4 cells coordinate a CD8 and B cell response to self-antigen, so the antibodies aren't super necessary. Theoretically, you could have an autoimmune reaction without self-reactive antibodies, but this would be uncommon.

Neutrophils are part of the innate immune system, which is rarely self reactive because its behaviour is genetically defined.

Even if it occurred in significant amounts, at any rate it'd be all hydrolyzed in duodenum in basic conditions releasing alcohol back (where hydrolysis of fats occurs anyway). It works this way, because alcohol partitions into fat phase and is released from there relatively slowly and liver is good at shredding alcohol

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