Yes, and they also flex their legs and core to keep blood flow to the brain.

You can do the same thing if you ever feel like you're going to pass out.

When you start getting tunnel vision, squeeze that core. It'll either resolve it, or keep you conscious long enough to find a place to sit.

probably not. At 6' of neck length, they're looking at roughly 2.5psi worth of hydrostatic pressure to overcome. Probably another few feet from lungs being lower than neck.

It's not technically an impossible feat, but animal lungs are very generally not capable of that kind of vacuum pressure. Humans, for comparison, usually peak at around 1psi. The problem is that you're not creating that pressure with muscles -- it's from the bones in your ribcage being pre-sprung to expand; your muscles are just letting them do that. E: Right now there's another askscience thread on literally this exact topic. It's better than my sentence and a half..

You say that, but the glucose derived from sugar cane gives me an allergic reaction that the glucose derived from other plants do not. I am allergic to sugar cane.

Neat fact bomb. Thank you for the in depth explanation

Nah, that‘s crap.

Insulin is a group of hormones. Not any specific molecule.

Epinephrine is a specific molecule.

There cannot physically be any immune problems, assuming it is pure, and any reaction would not be to the epinephrine but contaminants.

Insulin however is all peptides that work on insulin receptors in their specific animals.

Bovine insulin is physically different to human insulins. Three amino acids are completely different of the 51 that make up insulin.

And thus with bad luck, the immune system can detect it as foreign.

If you genetically engineered a cow to produce human insulin; the extracted insulin would not cause allergic reactions if sufficiently purified.

Class of drugs and specific molecules are the important point here.

They had chemical batteries that would be connected to statues of Zeus that would shock when touched. They had primitive steam engines that would spin up when boiling water was heated inside them. They had the archimedes screw. Complex machines for milling,stamping, grinding. If someone had known of all these pieces and thought to combine these technologies to actually do work then you have an industrial revolution.

I just assumed there’d be different degrees of potency based on size & potentially even chemical composition.

Epinephrine is a small molecule. It doesn‘t matter where you get it from. If it is pure it is identical.

Doesn‘t matter what animal, planet or universe you get it from.

Insulin for example is different, because that‘s just a class of peptide hormones, not a specific one. Meaning human insulin is slightly different from say a pigs insulin. It still works the same on insulin receptors, but it‘s different enough that sometimes your immunesystem might go ‚wsit, this doesn‘t look right, let’s destroy it‘.

But you can also make human insulin through genetic engineering from E. coli bacteria or yeast, that molecule will be identical to the insulin your body produces.

Just modern insulins are modified more heavily, cause actual human insulin only works well if it’s secreted continuously at the correct levels. And not just once you eat food/measure your sugar levels.

It’s not a diffractive effect. It’s refraction. Hyper physics has an article on this specifically:

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/corona2.html#c1

A diffractive effect would exhibit a lot of dispersion. On the other hand, refraction through the flat crystal surfaces responsible for the 22 degree halo does not disperse the light.

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do you have more detail on what the pieces were? A link is fine, or a name of a book or author.

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There's a fair amount of randomness to it as well. You need all these important pieces, but you need them to come together in the right way, the right time, and in the right place. The ancient Greeks had all they needed to jumpstart the industrial revolution 3,000 years ago, but the pieces were locked away as religious displays and secret knowledge in mystery cults.

I mean... Epinephrine is epinephrine. It looks like this regardless of if it comes from a cow, a sheep, a human, a lizard, or synthesized in a lab.

I suppose it's like asked if caffeine in a Coke has a different effect to that of caffeine in a Pepsi. No, it's caffeine. Provided the dosage is the same, it's identical (barring tolerance and something weird like the molecule degrading to not be caffeine anymore.)

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Insulin is a peptide hormone. The human insulin protein is composed of 51 amino acids, and has a molecular mass of 5808 Da.

Epinephrine is a small molecule, and has a molecular mass of 183 Da.

I use that core trick if I get lightheaded from standing up too fast and it works 100% of the time to make it stop quickly.

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Genetic disorders can happen both from random mutation that happens just to one person, and inherited mutation passed down from the original mutated ancestor to descendents. An inheritable mutation must happen in an egg or sperm originally to be passed down, such as sicle cell anemia.

Random mutations otherwise, such as bone cancer in example, are not passed down. Random mutations appear the same a lot of the time because our genes can be broken in some ways more easily that others that cause rare diseases.

Our genome is a patchwork thing from several different human and human ancestor lines and it's amazing it all works together as well as it does.