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Check out Oliver Sacks' writing on phantom limbs, it is very interesting. One guy had a prosthetic limb. It seems to get agile with a prosthetic you need this phantom limb effect. So this guy had to make his "appear" by slapping the leg stump and he could make it turn on. Some people even have severe pain in the phantom limb or it feels like the limb is contorted.

One interesting therapy for phantom limb problems is mirror therapy.

https://www.amputee-coalition.org/resources/mirror-therapy/

I'll never forget this question from my Cell Bio final:

Q: what do you call a cell at equilibrium with its environment

A: Dead

I'll never forget this question from my Cell Bio final:

Q: what do you call a cell at equilibrium with its environment

A: Dead

I work with a pain doc that is an anesthesiologist and they've done sympathetic blocks to help with phantom limb. They've had varying success, but sometimes "shutting off" the nerve resets it. We do a lot for CRPS from crush injuries in the feet.

This may help:

https://www.houstonmethodist.org/blog/articles/2021/feb/why-does-hitting-your-funny-bone-hurt-so-much/

>When you stub your toe, slam your finger in a door or smack your head, irritation and damage to your tissue triggers the surrounding nerves to coordinate nociceptive pain. These nerves inform your brain you're in pain — cue those sharp or throbbing sensations. Moral of the story: Stop doing the thing you're doing, it's causing damage.

>Nerve pain is a bit different. The pain is still coordinated by a nerve, but the irritation or damage is occurring directly to the nerve itself. In addition, the pain feels different — more electric, burning or stinging.

>In the case of hitting your funny bone, squashing your ulnar nerve into your medial epicondyle bone is irritating. And you feel this nerve pain in the areas where your ulnar nerve provides sensation, resulting in an unpleasant, shocking sensation shooting down your forearm and into your fingers.

So one is from nerve fiber sensory organs at the nerve endings. The other is affecting the nerve directly so it registers it along the entire region the nerve covers.

I read about phantom limbs and it seems that the brain expects noise from nerve fibers. It normally ignores this noise and considers it just a nerve fiber at rest. When the nerve is cut now there is no noise but there is no signal either. Without noise something must be happening but what? So the brain fills in the blank.

Bigger animals have more cells, not bigger ones. Why would it be different for molecules?

I had an interesting experience with appendicitis. When I first felt it I didn't feel it in my lower right abdominal quadrant, I felt it right below my navel. At first I thought it was just something like constipation. Then by the next day it migrated to the LRQ.

I wondered why I had this experience and the answer was that the nerve for that region joins the spine at just below the navel. So at first I felt it at the spinal region then as the region around my appendix got more inflamed the pain sensation moved to that region.

Both have their purpose. The click ones are great to quickly get through a torque sequence. The beam or pointer style give a nice visual representation of the torque. Snap On makes a digital one that will give an instant torque readout and beep when you reach the setpoint. Best of both worlds

I know that historically there are human cultures that are efficient in using everything they take from an animal, but modern westernized humanity is not really among those, inefficiency in the name of profit is kind of... everything now.

Citing to me that we know how to do it doesn't prove to me that we do, I'm perfectly aware its possible. I don't mean to come off as hostile, but this isn't really an answer to my question

I was told this by a Giraffe zookeeper once - also, they have the same number of neck ones as a human. Wild!

>Why do we have to retorque the tires 100km after changing it

I've found that is usually due to rust on the wheel/hub that crushes while driving. That being said, if the mating surfaces are clean and the lugs are tightened to the proper torque, they should be fine for thousands of miles/KMs

It's easy to assume a bigger animal means a bigger molecule size. But in the case of hormones, it just means there's a heck of a lot more of it.

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We've been using livestock for meat for tens of thousands of years, we've had a long time to learn how to be efficient harvesting the resources.

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>You want to make sure the bolt doesn't encounter a resonance frequency, from the machine it's attached to, causing it to come loose.

Does this happen often with cars? Why do we have to retorque the tires 100km after changing it? Do they not tighten it after they swap it?

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The torque requirement equates to tension on the screw. When you tighten a screw or bolt, the bolt stretches slightly(gets longer). Think of it as a spring. A bolt might have a torque requirement that will create a tension on the bolt called the proof load. Any more torque, and the bolt will permanently stretch and will essentially not be usable. (There are applications where this is actually desired. "Stretch Bolts". ). Think of bending a metal spoon. You can bend it slightly, and it will return to its initial position. Bend it more and it will be permanently bent. (You exceeded the "yield" point of the metal.) Typically, the torque and hence tension will be in the elastic region( the screw will not be permanently stretch ed and can be reused). Anyway, the tension on the bolt clamps the items together and the frictional force created between the two parts is what prevents the parts from moving. More torque, equates to more load which equates to more clamping strength.

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Vert true. But why does the pain radiate like that? The nerve is clearly not damaged in the calf for example.

That's my curiosity though, knowing the inefficiencies of a lot of industries, are we actually smart enough to be harvesting this stuff from beef or dairy livestock, or are they slaughtering them expressly for epinephrine?

I have no idea, just genuinely curious

Isn’t that also the reason they can’t move their head up fast because they’d pass out