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Can you explain why? And how much smaller?

Let's unify the weak force and gravity at very small distances so we can have a "Weak electric gravy" force

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It depends on what you call a ship. Theoretically you can just tie a bunch number of ships together and make it into a really big ship. Floating bases with some limited propulsion have been proposed before to pre-stage logistical items for the US military. In WW2 the British had the idea of either co-oping an iceberg or build one with ice+wood chips that would be the size of a small island to serve as an aircraft carrier (Project Habakkak). The question is whether you'd still consider these things as a ship, if you do count it as a ship then there's no reason why you can't tie enough ships together to fill all of the oceans theoretically.

Generally the limit to the size of a ship hull (and thus the upper limit of an independent ship hull) has more to do with the size of port facilities, dry docks and canals. You can really only build a ship hull to a size that will fit in your biggest dry dock because otherwise you wouldn't be able to launch the ship and put it into the water once it's done. Even if you build a ship that's bigger than any dry dock by building it in a temporary coffer dam or something, presumably you'll eventually need to bring a ship into a dry dock to perform maintenance and repairs on the hull so you don't really want to build a ship any bigger than what your biggest dry dock can support.

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It has to do with our immune systems. For example if you get a kidney transplant (and don't have an identical twin donor), the kidney will have cell markers on them that are used to recognize the tissue as "self". So the donor had a kidney with a certain set of proteins on the cells of all their tissues that their immune system can identify its own tissues as "self" and the immune cells will not attack them while in the donor's body (in a healthy person). The kidney recipient will have their own set of these proteins that do the same thing, however the donor and recipient have differences in these markers between them. Those differences cause the recipients immune system to recognize the donors kidney as not self but "foreign" so the immune system attacks. This is why we give immune suppressing drugs to transplant patients for life to stop the immune system from killing the organ. If you were lucky and had an identical twin, then these "self" markers would be identical too, and you could get a kidney from them and the immune system would not reject it and no immune suppressing drugs needed.

Instead of kidneys, lets say you injected tumor cells from the donor into a non identical twin recipient what happens? The vast majority of the times the immune system will recognize these as "not self but foreign" and immediately attack and kill them. This is why most of the time you can't exchange cancer cells with another person and give them cancer. Again, identical twins? Different situation. Their "self" markers are the same so cancer cells from one twin would not be attacked by the other twins immune system and could grow and give the recipient cancer. This simplified a bit gets the concept across.

Because it won’t matter if they do.

Black Holes aren’t special, they still obey the laws of physics outside their Event Horizon. That means Mass is still King.

If the LHC only fires electrons and protons and smashes them together…all they can get is Black Holes made from that mass at best.

Black Holes are not vacuum cleaners. They don’t suck in anything other than what their gravity allows them to. A 50 Solar Mass Black Hole can’t attract anything a 50 Solar Mass Star can’t. A Black Hole the mass of a few electrons or protons would only have that much gravity which ain’t much. It’d have to get lucky to collide with anything in order to “feed”.

Speaking of, the smaller the black hole the less time it has to live before it evaporates away; they’re not eternal. One the size of a few electrons/protons won’t last long and couple that with the sheer amount of luck needed for it to slam into something else in order to feed…well.

Long story short it’s kinda like worrying about someone making a nuke out of a single Uranium 235 or Plutonium atom. Sounds scary but honestly not really a concern.

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Depends on what you are trying to do. I gave a mouse line cancer by introducing a (previously unknown human oncogene) into the mouse, then waited to see if they developed cancer. A mouse line is a line of mice that are genetically identical to each other, not like mice you catch in the field which have genetic variation between them, particularly with regards to the immune system and what it recognizes as "foreign". This was a transgenic mouse, meaning we could introduce the gene into the fertilized egg, then implant it into a mom mouse, the mouse grows up, and we watch and wait. The nice thing about this is we could put a human gene in the mouse in this way and not cause immunological rejection. Had we taken human cancer cells from which this gene was derived, injected them into the same mouse type, the mouse immune system would kill those human cells. In my case, 100% of the mice that had the gene got cancer, and quite rapidly at that. That is one way. This is not a fast thing to do, may take a years to set this all up, then when you get some with the gene you need to breed them a bunch to have enough, and also keep an eye on them to check for signs of cancer. For example my experiment took 2 years from start to finish and it was that fast because the cancer gene caused cancer fast.

OK you maybe want to use mice but you need to inject human tumor cells. Like I said in normal mice they have immune systems and they will reject human cells as foreign, with the immune cells killing the human tumor cells (or human non tumor cells). You might say, but they are human tumor cells, how can that be? The cross species immune reaction is pretty strong and it will quickly kill any cells from a different species very quickly, even cancer cells. In fact injection human tumor cells into another human it is highly likely that other persons immune system would kill them too. If that other person was an identical twin? Different situation, those cancer cells may well grow (I say "may" since ethically can not do this experiment, but can do it in animals), might be a darn good chance they will grow in an identical twin. Back to the mice since we don't experiment on people, what can we do? Well we also have mice that were bred to not have immune systems. So when we inject the human cancer cells in them there is no immune cells to kill the human ones. A lot of the times (depending on what you are doing) those human tumor cells will grow, not always (reasons complex, too long to explain), but works pretty good. Now you have a mouse with human tumor cells growing in a mouse and you can do experiments.

There are other ways this can be done but these two are pretty straight forward and easier to do.

This is with a lot of simplification to keep things simple but describes some of the simpler things we can do.

I listen to the whole video even when I lose the plot on the mathy ones. It's really pleasant.

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This is not what the Planck scale is.

It's simply the scale at which our current models don't yield meaningful values anymore and we'd need Full Quantum Gravity to provide an accurate description of these kinds of interactions...

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