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Hawking Radiation. There’s better explanations but the tldr of it is: particles pop in and out of existence all the time by “borrowing” power to pop in and giving it back when it pops out.
Every now and then, a pair of these pop in near a Black Hole. One of them falls into the Black Hole while the other shoots out taking a little bit of the Black Hole’s rotational energy and mass. And I mean minuscule.

Ordinarily this isn’t enough for a Black Hole to evaporate since it’ll consume WAY more matter than it evaporates. But as it stops consuming content, it’ll start -slowly- loss mass from Hawking Radiation.

This process is thought to happen faster as a Black Hole becomes smaller. It’s why massive Black Holes have an absurd theoretical lifespan like 10^100 years and small micro black holes live maybe like an octillionth of a nanosecond.

Btw I also neglected to mention the LHC likely would never be able to make black holes even if everything went perfect. Smallest theoretical Black Hole is a Planck Length wide (smallest unit) and the LHC slamming what they can into each other would make Black Holes about 10-15 orders of magnitude smaller than that…which isn’t possible.

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>Speaking of, the smaller the black hole the less time it has to live before it evaporates away; they’re not eternal

Can you explain how black holes evaporate away? I can't see how any mass would escape the schwarzchild radius.

I always thought of it as a kind of binary problem. Either we make one, and it becomes a problem, then it's our problem, or it's not an issue, then it's fine, or we don't make one, and then that's also fine. So either we have a problem, or we don't. And then either everything ends, or it doesn't.

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Adding on to the mechanism: Insulin has negative feedback on release of ghrelin, which is the hormone responsible for appetite. So GLP-1 agonist causes release if insulin which decreases amount of circulating ghrelin = you aren’t hungry.

Yeah, but it's more like analog resolution, not the digital resolution everyone is so familiar with. It's like film photography, there is no digital resolution as such, yet some photos are fuzzy and some are sharp. There is a resolution of sorts, a perfect pinpoint light source doesn't ever resolve into perfect pinpoint white dot in the image plane, it's always a circle. Smaller that circle, the higher the analog resolution of the system. Planck's units are a similar sort of "resolution", there is no discrete line between one pixel and the next, but there is a minimum measurable quantity.

Resistant means that American rootstock tolerate phylloxera feeding on them. It does not mean that phylloxera can't or won't feed on them.

As far as I am aware, grape phylloxera only feed on roots from the Vitis genera of plants (grapes). America has multiple species of native grapes, nearly all of which are resistant to phylloxera damage. Since they evolved together, phylloxera and American grapes coexist without too much trouble. The problem started when American grapes were brought to Europe, with phylloxera still on their roots. Vitis vinifera, the wine grape, is the only grape species native to Europe. It had no resistance to phylloxera. Any wine grape infested with it will slowly die. The solution was to graft wine grapes onto American rootstock. This became standard practice in nearly every wine growing region worldwide.

Now I said nearly. There are some wine growing areas that have very sandy soils. Phylloxera prefers clay soils and does not do well in sand. Some of these areas have very limited populations of phylloxera. Washington state in the United States is one example of this. Many vineyards there have self rooted vines. In the few places there that have a phylloxera infestation, the standard practice is to replace any failing vines with grafted vines. Phylloxera spreads very slowly when it's not being transported by humans, so that is not a large number of grape vines annually. Grape vines do also have a production lifespan (production does start to drop off after a few decades), so any areas with more loamy or clay soils in Washington are considering replacing with grafted vines when they do, just to forestall any problems. Areas with sandy soil probably won't bother.

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That isn't turning a recessive allele into a dominant allele. That's turning a rare allele into a common allele.

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> however at times just one recessive gene is enough to cause a disease or other phenotype problem (think a gene that produces a mutant protein that your body can't get rid of).

That's not a recessive gene. Firstly, it's not genes that are recessive, it's alleles. Secondly, what you're talking about there is a dominant allele.

It would also be nice if these drugs were cheap enough to buy without insurance. Many people would be willing to pay a couple hundred a month out of pocket to change their lives, but can’t afford the 1200/month + price tag these drugs carry.

I’ve witnessed the miracle these drugs have performed on two coworkers. It’s been an incredible transformation!

In short, yes. The quickest ways would be via a bottleneck or founder effect, like Pingelap Atoll where a largw portion of the population has a recessive form of colorblindness. But in a normal population with genetic drift and flow, this is pretty unlikely to happen

This is wrong. Some genes can be recessive but not affect the person if the other gene is able to meet the functioning threshold (like make enough of some enzyme), however at times just one recessive gene is enough to cause a disease or other phenotype problem (think a gene that produces a mutant protein that your body can't get rid of). Thats why there are heterozygous diseases

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One way to think of it is that a plants most powerful immune system to prevent infection from spreading is that it doesn't have a circulatory system like ours. Moisture and nutrients go into the pumpkin, but as far as I know (not that I'm an expert) nothing goes the other way.

Also, the stem is probably woody and not even an open channel for that by the time the pumpkin is rotting.

Defining what a city is, is a wee bit more complex than measuring its length. But to answer your question, the worlds smallest city that has record of its size is Hum, Croatia and its only a little more than 4 sq km so it reasonably could be as little as 1/4 mile long, and it has a population of 20 as of the 2011 census.

The hydrocarbons (oils, etc...) that mechanics get exposed to are absorbed through skin contact and inhalation. It's found in lymph nodes and can build up over time.

It's generally accepted that auto mechanics have increased incidences of cancer and heart disease. For cancer, increases were seen for pancreatic cancer, urinary cancer outside the bladder, and lung cancers called pleural mesothelioma.

Are there quarter-mile cities??

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