There are other gene editing systems out there, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENS.) ZFNs are nucleases fused to a zinc finger DNA binding domain. You can engineer ZFNs to target a specific nucleic acid, just as CRISPR-Cas9 does. However, CRISPR-Cas9 systems are revered for their simplicity, essentially just needing the DNA sequence you want to target. TALENs functions like ZFNs, a nuclease bound to a TAL (transcription activator-like effector), which recognizes a specific DNA site. There are other gene editing tools, you can see that among Cas9, ZFNs, and TALENs, the structure/function of the tool is conserved.

Cancer cells and cells infected with HIV have shown to respond promisingly to CRISPR-Cas9 treatment. Ironically, CRISPR systems originated in prokaryotic species, as a defense against mobile genetic elements (MGEs), like viruses or bacteriophages. But CRISPR-Cas9 is being studied as a defense against viral infections, targeting the viral nucleic acids at different stages.

>I'm willing to take that chance for future generations

All of recorded human history would not cover 1/10 of the time this journey would take. Being optimistic, I would hope that whatever we send today would be considered beyond an ancient, obsolete relic before it arrived at a black hole.

Additionally, the speed of this probe is actually the easiest problem. Then it has to be constructed to endure the massive gravity that will tear it apart on a molecular level. Then, we have to figure out how to transmit any data back from something that doesn't let light escape.

Just don't leave the coins in the solution for over a day. Otherwise EVERYthing will melt off the slug :)

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It's best to describe a space using perpendicular axis, though not required. Strictly speaking you could have a coordinate system which doesn't have perpendicular axis, but the maths gets more complicated.

Mathematically speaking this is asking what the optimum choice of basis is for a space, a 2-d manifold in the case of the earth. So it's mostly just convention, to make the mathematics easier.

It's been about a decade since I touched linear algebra, so I'm sure someone more recent can expand on my answer, but that's the basic jist.

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From what ive read it take about a minute for curculation to stop. So you dont instantly black out, however the process you go through would be painful the second it started. So lots of fun pain there. Also, the body and brain respond to pain stimuli even when you are not concious. So yes, still pain until you die. Plus, if you are in open space in a solar system within a certain distance from the local star while it happens you get to experience one half of you boiling from sunlight while the other half freezes.

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Couldn't we use an enzyme that cuts dna to effectively treat things like viruses and cancer without DNA they can't function. A targeting enzyme could enter the virus or cancer cell. Kill the DNA and destroy the virus. Isn't this correct? I was thinking of CRISPR-CAS9 but couldn't it be any proteosome that splices DNA?

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Is it possible to outgrow or work through a mental disorder or learning disability to the point that it's no longer considered a disorder or disability?

If you think that's strange, you should visit the South Pole. The sun travels in a circle, at an angle of elevation that slowly changes over the weeks and months. And the architects of the base have imposed a NSEW Cartesian grid over the area to make navigation and planning easier.

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It’s been found that babies that are neglected cry less because they learn that it no longer gains attention from caregivers, thus also implying that cries are sometimes literally for attention and nothing more as well, from what I have heard. Basically, scare the mother into attending to the babies needs or risk alerting a predator that will eat both the mother and the baby.

Over what time span did these flows spread?
Would an individual dinosaur be overtaken or could they run away?

Or were they pressured by being pushed out of their environments?

I'm sure that if the solar system contained a black hole, it'd be a major priority to get a space probe out there to study it firsthand.

But it doesn't; the nearest black holes are hundreds or thousands of light years away, meaning a probe would need to travel at the speed of light (far faster than anything we could build) for hundreds or thousands of years to reach it, and the signal would take just as much time to be sent back. We simply do not have the technology to visit other star systems and other astronomical objects beyond the solar system.

Even if we did, the same physics that make it impossible to detect information about the inside of a black hole with telescopes from the outside, also makes it impossible to receive data from within the event horizon. We'd basically be studying the same phenomena we see around black holes already--gravitational lensing, accretion disks, relativistic jets--but from up close instead of through telescopes.

That makes a lot of sense and adds context, thank you!!

I’ve actually also always wondered why humans are not so genetically diverse compared to other species. In this context there’s an answer that makes sense to me. A degree of less genetic diversity, compared to a lot of other species, keeps us safer as we have less chances to provide this kind of bridge that viruses need to evolve into something we can catch.

Do you think that’s somewhat right?

The point was to get to outer planets within a reasonable amount of time, carrying a useful amount of science intruments. Also it has gained speed through gravitational assist.

The New Horizons probe is much more recent, and designed to get to Pluto within a reasonable amount of time. It still took 9 years, and it's actually traveling slower than Voyager now because it's had fewer encounters with planets, and therefore benefitted less from gravitational assist.

It wouldn't be any use. No information can traverse the event horizon: your probe might be inside there, looking around. Hell, it might even make it through to the other side of the black hole! But you wouldn't know it because no light can escape and tell us what's going on.

Of course, the more difficult problem is that there are no black holes (that we know of) inside the solar system. At present, only two probes have made it beyond the bounds of our own solar system, and only by a short hop. The nearest black hole is a lot farther than that.