It depends on the type of cancer. My mom had a neuroendocrine tumour which showed an iridescent rainbow of colours. Nasty thing secreted adrenaline which caused a constant fight or flight response in her which in turn caused strokes and heart attacks. I don't know what other cancers look like.

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I love this approach, thanks!

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I believe protein folding can be treated with the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Essentially, while quantum effects of the electrons in the system can be important, quantum effects of the nuclei can be neglected, and thus the nuclei are essentially treated as classical objects with definite position/momentum.

So, the quantum mechanical aspects will lie with the electronic structure; van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and all that. These are all quantum phenomena.

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I assumed it also had to do with babies utilizing their arms more in general but largely to feed, cling, and pull themselves (army crawl). Sore arms would be stressful for baby and parent.

Omg! New reference understanding unlocked. Thank you kind stranger for the cool info!

I've seen beavers in lakes before, do you know if they build lake dams too?

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Agree with this. Just want to add two things:

Advanced stage cancer tumors can become necrotic which can lead to discoloration.

And the common skin cancer melanoma means 'cancer arising in melanocytes' which are melanin-pigment producing cells. So these skin cancers (pathological overgrowth of melanocytes) often do look very dark or black, regardless of your normal skin tone.

They have two pairs of lips! One pair is behind their incisors that act as a barrier to protect them from both splinters and also swallowing too much water when they bring wood to their dam! Aside from their careful method of gnawing/chewing, beavers also tend to eat fresh or moist wood that help prevent splinters. Pretty incredible creatures!

Wrong question. Cancer cells are identified visually by other abnormal features of the cells related to their nucleus, vacuoles, and granules and how those features different from normal cells and how many and where the cells are. The nature of the cells is further clarified by flow cytometry which identifies surface protein markers of the cells the pattern of which can tell you if the cell is abnormal or immature. Leukemias are often first identified by the presence of immature white cells in the peripheral blood or an abnormal quantity of certain types of white cells. All immune cells in your blood appear white when separated from rbcs, but when looked at under the microscope they are stained and appear with dark blue nucleuses and blue to pink or red cytoplasm.

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There actually are some ways you can tell cancer cells from non-cancerous cells using color/appearance! Cancer cells generally have a higher nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio than non-cancerous cells. In other words, in cancer cells the cell nuclei are larger compared to the size of cell they’re in. This can be seen under a microscope, but the difference between nucleus and cytoplasm is hard to see with its ‘natural’ colors. But you can see the difference if you use dyes which color the nucleus one color and the cytoplasm another.

The cell also has various optical properties which are subtle or otherwise not visible to the naked eye which can be used to visually distinguish cancerous and normal cells. For example, human tissues is fluorescent. If you shine light at a specific wavelength (often in the UV) the tissue lights up (fluoresces) at a different wavelength (color). Cancer cells have different fluorescent properties than normal cells, and this can be seen using a specialized microscope.

You can also apply dyes to make cells and their structures more easily visible. There are certain dyes which will stick to cancer cells but not non-cancer cells. These can be used to make it relatively easy to spot cancerous tissue. However this requires a dye to be applied which can be impractical depending on how toxic the dye is, where the site is in the body (inside of the mouth is way easier to get a microscope and dye in than inside the heart for example)

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There is no one model. And in many aquifers no one much knows where or how water moves. So long as it's there to be tapped it's ignored.

The aquifers that are better modeled are the ones that have problems affecting the people using them. Regionally here that's the Odessa - overtapped for irrigation. Several underlying the Hanford site - contaminated with radioactive and chemical waste threatening a city's wells. And in the 1000 springs aquifer in Idaho - where aquaculture, agriculture and river flow needs for salmon collide.

There is a pretty good idea of where a liter of water dumped onto the ground is going to go, how long it's going to take to get there in those places.

But each one has entirely unique hydrology and geology. Their models don't interchange.

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