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I mean the real reason it didn't pan out was the same group physchology behind all fads - were fidget spinners fun to play with? Sure, but nowhere near enough to justify 40 billion of them being made in 18 months. And the manufacturers who hopped on last didn't do real great I'm thinking.

The meat was all right, and there's a limited market for feathers and leather. If you can find it, and if you can find a butcher who will process them.

But it was, and is, a tiny market. Americans were in no way ready to drop beef for emu. It's hard to market lamb and goat, let alone ostrich.

The ostrich/emu and alpaca fads are very similar because neither is really about harvesting anything but instead about breeding to satisfy growing demand. Which makes it a bubble, a fad, a craze, like Dutch Tulip Mania hundreds of years ago.

Most of the people raising them never wanted to kill them, they were hobby farmers and these were their cute pets. But they thought they could make big bucks setting everyone else up to grow cute pets too.

And that inherently has an end to its profitability.

What are the testosterone levels and estrogen levels in cis men and women? I'm curious because I found out fairly recently that both have both hormones, but in different rates.

Yes, there are several models and methods available to calculate how groundwater distributes spatially. These include the analytical element method (AEM), finite element method (FEM), groundwater flow model (GWM), and the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Each of these methods have their own advantages and disadvantages and can be used to accurately model groundwater flow in different scenarios.

It is difficult to say whether dyslexia existed prior to written language, as the condition is associated with difficulties in reading and writing. It is possible that some symptoms of dyslexia may have been present in individuals without any noticeable differences in their daily lives. For example, individuals may have had difficulty with spatial orientation, memory, and problem-solving. They may have also had difficulty understanding speech and processing verbal instructions. Additionally, they may have had difficulty with organization and planning. However, without the written language, it would have been difficult to diagnose and identify dyslexia in individuals in this period.

Protein folding is quantum mechanical because it involves the movement of electrons and nuclei. The energy of the protein is determined by the quantum mechanical properties of the electron positions and the interactions between them. This means that the folding of the protein is governed by the principles of quantum mechanics.

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Single (human) cells wouldn't appear as anything to the naked eye. Unless your naked eye is a microscope, which would be dope.

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Read your response, clicked to next post, came back...and I'm in awe. I did an actual double-take. Brilliant!

When asbestos fibers are inhaled, they can become lodged in the lungs and other organs. Over time, these fibers can cause inflammation and scarring in the lungs and other organs, leading to the development of cancer. The fibers can also cause genetic mutations in cells, which can lead to the development of cancer. The risk of developing cancer from asbestos exposure increases with the amount of asbestos fibers inhaled and the duration of exposure.

Protein folding is not inherently quantum mechanical. Protein folding refers to the process by which a protein molecule assumes its three-dimensional structure, which is determined by the sequence of amino acids in the protein. This process is primarily determined by the laws of thermodynamics and the interactions between the various chemical groups within the protein. However, recent research has suggested that quantum mechanical effects such as quantum tunneling may play a role in certain aspects of protein dynamics, such as the formation of hydrogen bonds between the protein and its environment. However, this is still an active area of research and the exact role of quantum mechanics in protein folding is not fully understood.

I'd like to add this paper: Developmental Dyslexia: Disorder or Specialization in Exploration?, from the abstract: "We raise the new possibility that people diagnosed with developmental dyslexia (DD) are specialized in explorative cognitive search, and rather than having a neurocognitive disorder, play an essential role in human adaptation. Most DD research has studied educational difficulties, with theories framing differences in neurocognitive processes as deficits. However, people with DD are also often proposed to have certain strengths – particularly in realms like discovery, invention, and creativity – that deficit-centered theories cannot explain. We investigate whether these strengths reflect an underlying explorative specialization."

Also, Fonts that help people with Dyslexia (eg Dyslexie Font) are adding weight to the baseline of the letters, which suggests that Dyslexia is at least in part a disorder of visual processing, or, in the vein of beforementioned paper, maybe even a function of it.

Was the meat not good, or was there some other reason it didn't pan out?

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The Cell paper requires a paid account or one time payment.

Here are a couple articles reporting on the paper though:

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/epigenetic-manipulations-can-accelerate-or-reverse-aging-in-mice-70888

https://hms.harvard.edu/news/loss-epigenetic-information-can-drive-aging-restoration-can-reverse

https://www.news-medical.net/amp/news/20230115/The-loss-of-epigenetic-information-accelerates-the-aging-process.aspx

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I was also thinking about necrosis as cancer can lead to necrotic tissue

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The diapsid infratemporal fenestra is homologous to the synapsid single temporal fenestra, so this asserts that the amniote line first developed a single fenestra (the [infra]temporal fenestra) and then later one lineage gained another (the supratemporal fenestra), with this lineage becoming the diapsids while the other being synapsids.

With this in mind, why are the early amniotes who first developed a fenestra not considered synapsids? Is it to maintain synapsida and diapsida as monophyletic that we only consider them synapsids a while after their defining trait developed?

Or, rather, why are diapsida not considered a clade of synapsida given that the common ancestor of both lines already possessed the infratemporal fenestra? It would seem sensible to me to put them both in a clade specifying a single fenestra ("monapsid"?) with the synapsids just being those more closely related to [insert synapsid here] than to diapsids.

The immune system attempts to clear asbestos from the lungs (but isn't able to very well) and in doing so creates a lot of damage. The process the body uses releases a lot of reactive oxygen species (which damage DNA).

Asbestos is present in the natural environment and in industrial uses and as a result we all have asbestos fibers in our lungs which cause damage, but a little damage is not enough to cause problems. It's those who have regular high exposure over many years in the occupational setting who will develop problems.

I’d need more context on why you think humans aren’t genetically diverse, or what species you think are more so.

Again, viruses are so simple they aren’t even considered to meet all criteria for being alive. They’re in someways more like molecular machines, and are 100-1000 times smaller than a human cell in a single dimension. Cells are 3D, so ^3 them and it’s a million to a billion times less volume. At that level they (and to an extent bacteria) can swap DNA/RNA accidentally with completely unrelated organisms. Viruses are so “good” at this that all species have “junk DNA” that appears to be the virus inserting part of its DNA into ours and getting replicated (some junk DNA may play an important role we haven’t figured out).

I say this with caution - the vast majority of these swaps are completely fatal, or are worse than the original and don’t survive long. However each infection (one not quickly squashed by the immune system) creates many many billions of viruses in a human (this is likely approximately scalable by body mass).

Humans as a species with a very plentiful population are pretty genetically diverse. We’re actually arguably more diverse over time as civilization broadly allows survival of otherwise less optimal people. For example I’ve got a pretty decent brain on me, but I’ve had very poor eyesight from an early age, and while a healthy adult was sick pretty often as a kid. It’s very possible I’d have died or been destitute if I was born even a few hundred years ago.

And you can actually see this evolutionary selection in earlier humans. Humans everywhere adapted more to their environment the harsher and earlier it was.

• Skin color: melanin is a defense against UV radiation, which is more intense the closer to the equator you are. Conversely it limits natural vitamin D production, which skin produces from UV exposure.
• Immunity: the Black Death killed something like 20-30% of Europe’s population. There are certain diseases that Europeans have higher likelihood of resistance than average
• Persistent Lactase: Europeans had access to more domesticated animals that produced milk, and are the least lactose intolerant group.
• Altitude: natives to the Andes in SA have far better tolerance to thinner air at 1-2 miles above sea level.
• Malaria: Africans with great malaria exposure, are at much higher risk of sickle cell anemia, because carrying only 1 copy of the gene produces significant resistance to malaria.

Bottom line is that humans are pretty diverse, and in any case it’s hard to compare genetic diversity of complex species to single celled (or zero celled) organisms.

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This effect is used on space craft, using the delta temperature between radiation from nuclear material and the vacuum of space -- it's how the voyager space craft had the power to communicate while so far from the sun.

Russia also used it with nuclear material to power light houses, 'cause Russia.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator