We truly live in the beginning of the modern era, and it's fantastic in a way to see history unfold before us.

Thank you.

Humor is a good test that a language model is able to create subtle and intricate links between words and concepts - but it doesn't directly link to sentience. Something like GPT-3 could probably be adapted to write decent jokes, it's an incredible language model that at first can appear sentient. However it's not sentient because it's just a model where an input maps to a deterministic output. There's no continuous loop of input-learning-adaptation-output that comes with a sentient being. The learning process was a one shot process until the model is updated.

[removed]

Oh that’s so interesting. So basically there’s just a limit to the amount of historical knowledge (like geologic timescales) that can be learned. At least within the limits of human intelligence

An alternator is something that you spin and out comes electricity. It takes effort/work to spin the alternator directly proportional to the amount of electricity you get out. Let's say some theoretical car where everything in the car was perfectly efficient had a motor and an alternator (electric cars don't actually need an alternator). The motor outputs 10kW of power to keep your car cruising at 50MPH (overcoming wind resistance and rolling resistance of the tyres). You switch on the alternator, it draws 1kW of power from the motor, which you then feed back to the battery. So the motor now draws 11kW and you charge the battery at 1kW. That 1kW hasn't gained you anything, the system is equivalent to running the motor at 10kW. In reality because of inefficiencies, this would waste a load of energy.

[removed]

How do I get the most of being a 1099?

Regenerative braking basically is doing that.

The probelm is the laws of thermodynamics. To successfully charge the battery using the kinetic energy of the car would make an EV doing that into a perpetual motion machine of the first kind. You’d be converting KE back to PE, to use to convert back to KE, etc ad infinitum.

In reality, you actually could “trickle charge” the battery using an alternator or something similar to draw a small amount of the energy, but due to the thermal efficiency of such a device not being 100%, as well as inefficiencies (energy losses) in the batteries, controller, motor, and wheel bearings, you end up losing energy compared to just using it to drive the car.

Say you feed 500W into this alternator, which is 99.9% efficient (that in itself would be amazing). Your controller is 99.9% efficient. Your battery’s charge acceptance is 99.9% efficient. The battery discharge is also 99.9% efficient. Of that 500W in, your battery is able to put 498W of it back into the drivetrain again — which would be remarkably efficient — but there’s an obvious problem…you’ve lost 2W to inefficiency. You could’ve just not drawn that 500W, and had 500W going through the drivetrain to start with.

Taking the car out of the picture, it’s trying to charge a battery by having it drive a motor to drive a generator to charge the battery powering the system. The end result is less energy coming back i to the battery than if you’d just used the energy in the battery without running it through anything.

Even more simply it’s like trying to charge a battery with itself.

Regenerative braking works to convert the KE to PE at a time when you’d be wasting that KE anyway — brakes work by converting KE to heat, which is lost forever. Compared to that, all the inefficiency of the system in trying to recover some of that KE is still a massive improvement.

[removed]

[removed]

It sounds to me like a case of companies saying "now that everyone can see your wages, if we give you a big raise, we have to give everyone after you the same amount." Whereas before, they could even it out by giving a few people big raises, and the rest got smaller ones.

[removed]

If you look at the economy narrowly as purely making stuff then economics typically frames this within factors of production. These are land, labour, capital and possibly technology or entrepreneurship depending on how you define these terms. Land can contain the natural resources of the earth for simplicity's sake. These are the inputs as you describe.

But this is only really a part of the picture when considering what makes an economy where you get more into subjective value and coordination. The other comment is a rather good one.

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

Is humour a good test for an AI's Sentience

Yes, but also, when you're given the rabies vaccine in these cases, aren't *just* getting the rabies vaccine. You are also getting Rabies Immunoglobin. Which works alongside the vaccine to prevent the rabies virus from infecting you.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/rabies-immune-globulin-intramuscular-route/description/drg-20065738

Is it possible to have a recession without job loss?

One reason is simply that languages change over time, especially with relation to its culture. Meaning as a groups culture changes so does their language. In general languages having a notable change takes a few hundred years so it is a slow process.

So even if you want to assume there was a “first” language (which I don’t think is correct), over the thousands of years of human migration, our cultures have changed very drastically from one another and so do our languages.

[deleted]

A mix of all of the above. Sometimes areas were uninhabited when new people arrived, sometimes they displaced older groups, sometimes they mixed. Sometimes it was a combination where there was some mixing and some displacement. There is a lot of debate about how many waves there were.

In power plants, water is under pressure. Increasing the pressure, also increases the boiling point. The water at my plant is around 800 degrees Fahrenheit, yet still a liquid. We do this through a series of enclosed heaters, which actually increases pressure as steam is released, which in turn makes the steam condense back to water at a higher temperature. Our plant does this 3 times. Which then the water goes into the boiler. This process is called superheating. Or known as "superheated steam."

Our throttle pressure is 3500psi. So you can imagine just how hot our water can get before it turns into steam (there's a chart out there if you're curious about pressure and temperature of liquid and steam.) Now let's add that water expands about 1600 times from liquid to steam. The result, is a massive amount of energy.

Edit- I appreciate the feedback, and yes, there are many different processes that are going on, in order to generate power, and the boiler process. I'm trying to simplify, because to explain the entire process I'd need about 50 more pages, as it seems many here also know.

"Steam" is evaporated water - that is, water in gas form. It is colourless and invisible. What you see as a steam cloud is actually cooled, recondensed, liquid water droplets.