Recent comments in /f/askscience

srandrews t1_j66chmx wrote

Wind is a very location specific phenomenon. Sometimes days are windy, sometimes nights. Such conditions greatly influence the economics of a wind farm. For example, it is ideal to line up peak production with peak demand. And peak demand is typically during the day. And the other thing to keep in mind is that if there is no load to serve, a wind farm won't generate.

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it00 t1_j66asdj wrote

Any form of salt accelerates corrosion in any form of steel, iron, well, pretty much anything (yeah, including certain types of 'Stainless Steel').

If you live next to an ocean or sea you'll know all about it - hint: DON'T buy a car or machinery from an island area.

Salt mixed with water and oxygen will simply accelerate corrosion beyond belief - it accelerates the transfer of the electrons from pure iron to form iron oxide. For an example take a look at ladder irons on a tidal quay, pier or shore structure. The rungs permanently underwater will be OK(ish), the rungs halfway up will be pretty badly corroded, the rungs above the water will be utterly destroyed. It needs all three elements to make rust - iron, oxygen, sodium chloride.

Where all three are present in sufficient quantities they can literally reduce an entire vehicle to oxidised nothingness within a decade. This includes entire engine blocks etc.

Roads are optional.

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pretty_kitty_808021 t1_j6689u0 wrote

Dry salt itself won't, but when mixed with moisture, it becomes extremely corrosive. Saltwater is likely to cause metal to rust about five times faster than freshwater. Saltwater is a solution that acts as an electrolyte, allowing the metal to lose electrons faster. Rusting is caused by oxidation, where the metal loses electrons and produces ions. Therefore the presence of salt in a wet environment, speeds up the process.

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LittleCreepy_ t1_j65vdm6 wrote

Well, I understood dna to mean genetic basis in the context of this discussion, but yes. There are in fact RNA and DNA Viruses, which can further be divided in coding and non-coding strand (+ and -) based "liveforms".

There are also Prions, proteins that fold others with the same base aminoacid-chain into the same 3D struckture, in a kind of replication.

Viroids are naked, or non protein or membrane, associated chains of RNA, able to infect plants and responsible for some interesting patterns on some flowers.

To complete the picture there are also gigant virus out there, with their own molecular maschinery responsible for about halve of our atmospheric O2.

These are complex little suckers. And I both love them for it and hate them with a passion.

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LittleCreepy_ t1_j65t38v wrote

I try to put it into words like this:

A virus can be understood to undergo different developmental stages. Much like an insekt goes from egg to larvar to adult, a virus goes from virus particle, floating alone and, debatably, dead in their environment, to integrating itself into the host. It quite litteraly overlapes with their victim, the cell becomes, to an extend, two individuals rolled into one.

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DaylightsStories t1_j65o5mq wrote

There are several factors that go into this. They produce sun screens for themselves to protect against the sun, they produce antioxidants to try to mitigate DNA damage, and they have powerful DNA repair mechanisms compared to animals.

All of this pales, however, in the face of their anatomical resilience. Plant cells are immobile and no part of their body is irreplaceable, except the primary stem and even that is only irreplaceable in some species. The parts of a plant that are most exposed are typically leaves or photosynthetic stems, and in most cases these are only retained for a few months to a few years before they fall off. In the event that plants do have uncontrolled cell division, it cannot metastasize and they will probably be rid of it soon. If it's on the main trunk, it still probably isn't stopping anything essential.

So they do have more powerful mechanisms for DNA repair, but this is enabled because if they have a catastrophic error it's not actually catastrophic while in animals a catastrophic repair mistake means death. Animal cells will often die if their DNA is notably damaged rather than risk becoming cancerous while plant cells are less likely to do that and so they benefit from being good at fixing things.

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LittleCreepy_ t1_j65ledq wrote

Plants have an exclusive cancer prevention in the rigidity of their bodys. The solid cellwalls and hydrostatic pressure prevent a lot of deseases from moving inside of them. Cancer too is inhibited by this, and is forced to grow localy. As you might guess, that isnt exactly possible for use in animals.

Plants can in fact develop cancer. The bulbous growths near the ground are often exactly that. They can among other things be caused by the bacterium agrobacterium tumefaciens. We use them for genetic editing of plants.

When we want to grow a lot of similar plants, like orchids for example, we start with a single cell and, with different hormons, go from meristemic cultures to callus cultures. Those are basically cancerballs.

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NoExpertAtAll t1_j65euqd wrote

Simply said:Rusting is a process in which electrons must be released from the iron. The more charged ions present, the easier this is, as the conductivity of water (rain, melted snow) is increased. Road salt is a wild mixture of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and other salts. This massively increases the conductivity of water, making it easier to rust.

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LittleCreepy_ t1_j65cwo2 wrote

Not that I know. Radiation would disproportionatly affekt the genes of the host, rarely getting the genes of the host that both use and very rarely destroying the genes of the virus. The hallmark of a good medizin is that it only targets the parts it should. Radiation is really really reaaaly bad at selectivity.

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zutnoq t1_j656wje wrote

If you want a more hand wavy explanation I think the antenna is essentially acting as a giant capacitor (or rather one side of a capacitor) which would certainly explain the 90° phase difference between voltage and current as that is exactly what happens with a regular capacitor driven with AC (the exact opposite phase shift happens for an ideal inductor driven with AC).

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