Aren't you constrained by having tests for all the chemicals in the drug?

So to get any sort of reliable number you would definitely need to know when the drug was ingested. Is this correct?

The bacterium can germinate in a beneficial environment with good growth conditions. If it germinates out of the spore in the stomach it may be able pass to the intestines (unclear). Or it may remain dormant and become active past the stomach.

Per the CDC -"Adult intestinal toxemia (also known as adult intestinal colonization) botulism is a very rare kind of botulism that can happen if the spores of the bacteria get into an adult’s intestines, grow, and produce the toxin (similar to infant botulism). Although we don’t know why people get this kind of botulism, people who have serious health conditions that affect the gut may be more likely to get sick."

I was trying to provide info of the bacteria in general as it pertains to infants and their digestive system and what pH conditions it can/cant grow in, so I thought it was helpful to look at the pH environment of the stomach too. Since we don't know exactly how adults get intestinal botulism I threw it in as additional info. Also, a lot of people don't know about botulinum spores and how pH plays a role so I thought I'd share.

With respect to apples the biggest influence would be the type of rootstock used. As another poster mentioned, commercial apple trees are propogated from small segments of branches (scions) from the desired cultivar which are then grafted onto the roots of another apple tree cultivar (the rootstock). The rootstock of the tree influences the mature size of the tree, and rootstocks selected for dwarfing characteristics generally produce a tree that fruits earlier than a full-size, "standard" tree.

In the plant kingdom in general plants usually don't flower until they start approaching their mature size. In that respect it makes sense that a dwarf tree will fruit earlier in its life than a taller tree.

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Here's a study that found a potential link between vitamin D deficiency and ASD, unfortunately it's in Finnish but there's a summary in English: https://www.laakarilehti.fi/tieteessa/alkuperaistutkimukset/maahanmuuttajien-lapsilla-on-suomessa-paljon-vaikeita-autismikirjon-hairioita/

Hi! So when Clostridium botulinum is in a harsh (example: acidic) environment it goes dormant and forms a spore to protect itself (sporulation). It will stay dormant in its spore-form until the surrounding environment is optimal for it to survive, become active (germinate), grow, and produce the neurotoxic protein. A Clostridium botulinum spore refers to the dormant state of the bacterium. Germination is when it comes out of dormancy and is not longer in its protective spore. Bacillus and Clostridium are two common spore forming bacteria. Hope that answered your question!

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Tbf, at that point, you might be able to just re-arrange atoms to be whatever you want.

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Adults taking proton pump inhibitors such as Omeprazole on a chronic basis to block gastric acid secretion are more susceptible to gastrointestinal infections.

the problem is that people can have different genes for the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes.

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I'd like to see some doctors turn from a punitive and sometimes deadly approach with Vicodin.

I have chronic nerve damage pain, and I had to pressure my otherwise sympathetic doctor, to remove the acetaminophen from my daily dosage.

If they had not done that, I would surely have died by now of liver and kidney failure, over the past decade.

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Kidney/liver issues definitely, but also genetics can affect drug distribution and elimination for many medications (for example, loss or gain of function mutations in drug transporters).