1. You can check the individual function of each kidney with a DTPA scan.
2. Yes. Serum creatinine/blood urea like tests will assess the combined function of both kidneys. They will derange only if both kidneys are damaged or one is damaged and the other cannot acutely compensate.
3. There are many organs in the body with double units or functions in similar way but not anatomically distinguishable as the kidneys. In an advanced medical perspective kidney is the only organ that we can functionally replace 100% with iatrogenic procedures and treatment.

Yes, the idea is to use both.

It allows for smaller amounts of concrete and reinforcement to be used to achieve the same effect.

How long can flu vaccines last in cryo storage? Could it make sense to have tons of h5n1 vaccine stockpiled just in case?

There are a few plants in the Antarctic Peninsula, yes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica#Biodiversity

But as far as we know, there was never a long-lasting human presence on Antarctica until industrial times. There still has never been an economically self-supporting settlement on the Antarctic mainland, only bases reliant on continue funding to operate.

The world's climate was a bit warmer in the last interglacial about 115,000 years ago, but there's no evidence for humans doing any long ocean voyages back then. Sailing long distances over the open ocean is difficult and the pattern of human migration was to spread over the continents. Most of the Pacific islands, with much more favourable climate than Antarctica, were only settled by humans within the last 2000 years.

[removed]

[removed]

Perhaps you could use less rebar. It has to be simultaneously the best and worst thing to happen to concrete.

Plenty of engineering and physics texts define dE for a system (or dU depending on terminology and assumptions) = dQ - dW, that is, they treat work done by a system on its surroundings as positive.

Here's one example.

https://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/thermo_4.htm

As far as the reason why, the answer is that when you're working from the perspective of a machine using a working fluid, it's natural to conceive of the working fluid as gaining energy when heat is added and losing energy when it's doing work. We usually talk about engines as being rated for output in terms of Watts or horsepower and not negative Watts or horsepower. In your convention, the engine's work is negative.

[removed]

> Now, the current populations education level regarding vaccination is less awesome.

Covid's case fatality rate has leveled off to roughly 1%. SARS was estimated at 10%, and MERS was 34%. This strain of H5N1 is above 50% right now. If it becomes easily transmissible between humans, either the antivaxxers change their minds fairly quickly or the only people left will be ones who believed in vaccination.

[removed]

[removed]

Yes. Marsupial fossils would represent mammals that gave live birth, but aren’t placental mammals either.

Multituberculates are a lineage of mammal that is completely extinct today, but they were closer to therians (placentals+marsupials) than monotremes. Some of them had incredibly narrow pelvic openings too, hinting that they may also have been live-birthers (of tiny, underdeveloped offspring like the marsupials.)

https://tetzoo.com/blog/2020/5/29/did-mesozoic-mammals-give-birth-to-live-babies-or-did-they-lay-eggs

That is due to irritation of the diaphragm caused by the CO2 and expansion of the intra-abdominal cavity. Should decrease in a few days time!

[removed]

[removed]

Some but not much according to this.

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/avian-influenza-h5n1/health-professionals.html

My government already has plans and an info sheet in play. Good to know someone is taking this very seriously. Better to make policy before potential outbreaks.

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/avian-influenza-h5n1/health-professionals.html

[removed]

Making influenza vaccines is something the world has experience and capacity to do (because we do it every year), however current techniques still have a bit of lag between identifying a novel strain and then development and mass manufacturing.

If we looking at the 2009 H1N1 outbreak, it took about 6 months to have a specific H1N1 vaccine approved and distributed after the first human cases.

With mRNA vaccines, which they are looking into for influenza, the turn around time may be significantly shorter.

According to the info sheet from the government of Canada some treatments and medicines exist to limit symptoms and mortality. There may be some minor benefits to the related vaccines.

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/avian-influenza-h5n1/health-professionals.html

[removed]

Do I understand correctly that there are people who can smell asparagus pee but don’t produce it themselves?

[removed]

Just had my tubes tied via laparoscopic surgery. The gas makes your shoulders hurt.