Layman here - could we not use your definition and combine the first 2 of Newtons laws? Ie - was Newton making the same mistake as op thinking he was in a static frame of reference?

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Dendrochronology works by comparing the sequences of variation in growth rings. Not every growing season is the same everywhere and there is more growth some years than others.

Over time massive data sets have been developed that allow growth sequences from different times, and locations to be compared.

So the variation in rings is compared to find a match.

Trees growing in the same region will share patterns in the sequence of growth rings, reflecting climatic fluctuations. If you have a succession of such trees with overlapping dates, you can date over extended periods.

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In our bodies? No, it's not from the air, it comes from food you eat. Pure Nitrogen is too strongly bonded together to be useful in plants and animals. Microorganisms break down the N2 into nitrites and nitrates so that plants can use it, then animals eat the plants (or animals eat the animals that eat the plants.) Nitrogen compounds are also manufactured industrially for fertilizers.

See: The Nitrogen Cycle

Ultimately the main Nitrogen compound in your urine (urea) is produced in the liver from the breakdown of proteins in the blood. This would normally create ammonia (like what aquatic animals do) but Ammonia is a powerful oxydizer and highly toxic, so our livers bond two Ammonia molecules to a Carbon Monoxide molecule to make it safer for our urinary track.

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Breakdown of protein/amino acids. We do not absorb nitrogen in the air. If we did, that would be a problem because it would probably boil out in our blood. We also can't fix the nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen in order to use it. Bacteria in soil have to do that, then it's upcycled from there via plants and herbivorous animals to usable amino acids that we eat.

100% h2 means all trait variation is of genetic origin. Among other things, it does not consider the trait mean value in any way. Anyway, h2 is more quantitative genetics issue. The probability sounds bit more like qualitative genetics question. Sometimes the difference is not very strict.

Absence drag forces like air resistance an object can travel at constant velocity without any added force. It in fact it will take a force to slow it. Velocity is stored energy, but it doesn’t cost energy to keep moving (again absence drag forces). Think of something flying in space.

That which you think of as "at rest" is actually in motion. That glass on the coffee table is moving at 1000 km/hr as the earth rotates (relative to the center of the earth and depending on your latitude). Everything on earth is moving at 30,000 m/s relative to the sun... etc.

Only change in motion requires an external force, otherwise, everything just cruises along.

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He specified very weird. Which, I assume, infers pith helmets and… I’m gonna say jodhpurs?

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If /u/LadyLaLas and /u/CrustalTrudger are willing, there’s another way to answer the question: share a photo of your rock, and I bet /u/CrustalTrudger could narrow down the range of places it might be from.

Depending on what it looks like the answer could be “damn near anywhere” or very specific. And keep in mind that this is very difficult to do with just one photo, and I don’t think /u/CrustalTrudger is a specialist in rock identification or the geology of Ireland. But they’ll do a better job than I would and I bet it will be interesting!

For best results take a photo in bright light with a white background and a ruler or other common object to give the scale. Crustal I apologize for asking you to do geology tricks.

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Being mighty generous saying only 10% of us are weird