So where will that information end up? It'll never get to us even though it is heading in our direction. What is the right way to think about it?

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The universe expanding isn't anything to do with objects having velocities: it's the space between them getting bigger.

An individual photon doesn't have a rest frame, but the CMB rest frame is the center-of-momentum frame of a collection of photons. Since the photons have all different momenta, their center of momentum doesn't move at the speed of light.

Gravitational time dilation, due to the -(1+2Φ)dt^2 term in the metric. (In synchronous gauge, that term is just -dt^(2)). The result is that the elapsed time is shortened by a factor of about 1-Φ, where Φ is the Newtonian gravitational potential, of order 10^-6 in our galaxy.

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Yes you need to just accept it as fact.

The view that you have is a common misconception because in our daily lives, we’re surrounded by invisible forces that make it appear as though objects stop moving when we aren’t interacting with them. The common sense explanation is that the universe works as your describing. Fortunately, through rigorous science, we can discover the true (or closer to truth) laws of the universe by controlled experimentation and reproducible measurements that hedge against our inherent biases.

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Thanks for this response. But I've always been confused about the CMB frame of reference. Isn't the CMB moving at the speed of light as microwave radiation? How is it the "rest frame" that is always used? Wouldn't its frame be the same as that of a random photon from a star?

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And entangled particles are "connected" via their past moment of interaction?

A billion years off is likely possible, given the Hubble tension. There's about a 7% difference between the present-day expansion rate favored by the CMB (~68 km/s/Mpc) and the present-day expansion rate favored by supernovae (~73 km/s/Mpc). 7% of 13.7 billion years is a billion years.

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X-Y is based on direction of current flow.

Also, most Al Bronze alloy is 5 to 11% bronze, not 30% and without Zinc. Calculate Al to Steels combined with 11% bronze to approximate better if you cannot find a table with straight Al-Bronze to Carbon Steel.

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