The reason why the center can't be plotted on and xyz axis it does not exist on the xyz axis.

In 2d think of the universe as the surface of a balloon being inflated there is no point on the surface of where expantion started (expantion started in the centre) as all points on the surface are moving away from all other points uniformly.

P.s. I know this I 3 days old

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Thank you for your reply, I understand what you said. But from the video, this elephant's gait really look more similiar to a canter or a gallop than a walk or trot.

edit: typo, And I just want to clarify that I read the article, but the description is different from the elephant in the video, so I just get confused and want to discuss about it.

Science people shouldn't discourage discussion. Never know my curiosity can give me so many downvotes.

Yes exactly! This would be the innate immunity while what I described was adaptive

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Nope, elephants cannot perform the gait pattern “gallop” as seen in horses, which by definition includes a period of complete suspension (all four feet off the ground at the same time). Source;

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16985198/

The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size John R Hutchinson et al. J Exp Biol. 2006 Oct.

Selected quotes:

> We analyzed the locomotor kinematics of over 2400 strides from 14 African and 48 Asian elephant individuals (body mass 116-4632 kg) freely moving over ground at a 17-fold range of speeds, from slow walking at 0.40 m s(-1) to the fastest reliably recorded speed for elephants, 6.8 m s(-1). These data reveal that African and Asian elephants have some subtle differences in how size-independent kinematic parameters change with speed. Although elephants use a lateral sequence footfall pattern, like many other quadrupeds, they maintain this footfall pattern at all speeds, shifting toward a 25% phase offset between limbs (singlefoot) as they increase speed.

> The main difference from most other animals is that elephants never change their footfall pattern to a gait that uses a whole-body aerial phase.

Elephants can move quickly, but quadruped gaits like gallop, canter, trot etc refer to the mechanics and the way that the feet fall - they aren’t about speed. Elephants can’t canter or gallop the way hoofed animals can. Interesting article about the mechanics of how elephants ‘run’

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>Lack of selection

This is a common misconception. People think natural selection works like this: Individuals which don't survive to reproduce are selected against, and individual which do survive to reproduce are selected for.

In that case, you would expect an expanding population to be experiencing little selection, because most individuals are surviving to reproduce, right?

But it's not correct, because what natural selection actually selects for is individuals who reproduce the most. There aren't just two buckets, where an organism is either in or out. If a trait results in the production of, say, 10% more offspring on average, selection will favor it.

In a growing population, traits which enhance reproduction on average will spread, and that's natural selection. And it will happen more efficiently too. In small populations, natural selection is countered by drift. Basically, a trait that's beneficial might not be selected for, because the individuals who have that trait might happen not to survive for some other reason. Chance might just be against them. But a big population reduces the effect of chance (and therefore drift) for the same reason that it's much easier to roll a 1 on one dice than on ten dice all at the same time. And as you note, a larger gene pool also means more variation to draw potentially beneficial mutations from in the first place.

> means many unfit genes propagate

Also, "unfit" genes don't exactly propagate in the absence of selection. Take a gene for something (say, a medical condition) that was previously harmful, and remove all selection on it (properly speaking this means the gene isn't unfit anymore, but we'll disregard that because I know what you mean). This won't actually cause the gene to propagate, instead it's expected to remain at the same frequency in the population. To actually spread, there would have to be some active benefit of having the version of the gene which (formerly) caused the disease. You could in theory have a slow growth of gene frequency due to mutations, but this is a slooooow process.

And remember, if the medical treatment allows people with the gene to survive, but they still have reduced fertility or are otherwise less likely to have kids than the average person, that gene will still be selected against.

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Specifically for Earth's magnetic field, when rock with magnetic materials is formed it retains magnetism from its environment, giving us information about the strength and direction of the geomagnetic field at the time the rock formed. So if you find certain rocks of a certain age you can use them to get information about Earth's magnetic field at the time.

For volcanic rock, this is because molten rock is too hot to be magnetic. As it solidifies and cools below a certain critical temperature (its Curie temperature), any magnetic minerals will retain the magnetic field of their environment, and so these rocks preserve information about the strength and direction of the geomagnetic field when they formed. This is the same principle by which bar magnets are created.

There are also several ways that sedimentary rocks can end up with a "fossil" magnetic field. The study of these phenomena is called paleomagnetism.

Varies, but you can see some variants used definitely have medicinal properties. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth-cleaning_twig

I could explain to you how we find out things about the past, but I'm fairly certain you don't actually want to learn anything that doesn't fit your worldview.

While it's not intentional, I would like to commend you on endorsing the scientific process. We do make a lot of assumptions based on limited evidence, and it's worth having a fool accuse us of foolishness from time to time, just to keep us on our toes.

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Well idk about humans but for bacterias after exponential growth rate there is a plateau and then a collapse because there is no more nutrients.

My guess is we are no better than bacterias and we are now at the end of exponential growth and reaching the plateau

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