Glad it helps. Actually, many more layers of separation than you imagine for clinical trials. (And many variations on how randomization is achieved). Most trials have dozens of independent locations that have little to connection with each other. Typically, the pharmaceutical company contracts with a 'clinical research organization' (CRO) to coordinate it all. The CRO usually uses a separate system and/or company to perform randomization. And the whole thing is potentially monitored by yet another separate agency and subject to legal scrutiny and penalties for wrongdoing by the FDA. You can find more deets at clinicaltrials.gov. have fun 👍

Very much so, in that adding a sandbag to one end of the chain ultimately results in a sandbag, albeit a different one, being delivered to the other end of the chain. And unlike a Newton's Cradle (with simultaneous transfers), this is a much less orderly process. Sometimes a sandbag gets passed back before going on, or someone has to wait for a sandbag, etc. This makes it a much slower process than say electrical conductance in a wire.

Thanks, excellent detail, and a lot for me to take away here.

Still, it's very much qualitative rather than quantative. My engineer brain wants to come away with a formula I could apply to cooking a steak in order to quantify the benefit of cooking in a perfect scenario.

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You absolutely can own them, many people do. But if you fly between 18,000 feet and 60,000 feet, you must fly under IFR rules, and be in contact with air traffic control.

Above 60,000 feet is uncontrolled airspace, however, so you're free to do what you want if you can reach those altitudes. Good luck getting an aircraft that will fly that high, however.

One of the few aircraft I know of that can operate that high is the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, and there are 15 privately owned ones in the FAA registry. Most seem to be owned by a couple of corporations, but a handful look like they are either owned individually, or perhaps through an LLC (common for very expensive aircraft).

>Has nothing to do with wear. Leaded fuel has a very high autoignition point that prevents knock. Modern fuel uses alcohol, but engines designed for alcohol free fuel are dangerously unreliable.

Turns out, it does both, actually.

>Lead allowed the development of higher 'octane number' fuel (the higher the number, the greater the resistance of the fuel to uncontrolled burning in the engine, or 'detonation'), and was also discovered, later, to have the property of protecting valve seats from wear.

Source

As for knock, you could just go all the way. E85, for instance, doesn't detonate, period. You can run the timing all the way to TDC and be fine. Would need bigger fuel tanks, though, so that might cut into payload a bit.

A 5 month old has a significantly higher tolerance to siblings than a newborn.

amazing, thank you very much! so like a row of people carrying sandbags and giving them to the person next to them?

More like |-1,0,1> because |101> would be |0>+2×|1> If I remember correctly

I'll only say a few sentences on this because it's rather high level, but in strongly interacting condensed matter systems something called 'topological order' can occur. The ground state of a many body system (ie a macroscopic one) can have long range entanglement, such that every particle is entangles together. These systems can have some weird emergent properties, like Fractional Qiantum Hall Effect; simplifying quite a lot, in this the particles behave as in they have fractions of an electron charge.

For these systems the interesting thing isnt necessarily learning about their existing interactions (after all it's just electrons and electromagnetism) but what weird emergent properties are visible. Systems like this have some potential applications in Quantum Computing: this talk https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=smX2lSyi2js explains a little.

In addition to creep path, difficulties with HV electronics and other issues raised here you also need to be careful of the difference between thin film dielectric strength, which is really high, and actual bulk material dielectric over lifetime. In practice you often have a couple of orders of magnitude difference there.

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I must say, that is an exceptionally good answer -- good both for experts and beginners.

In reality, if there was a hole in the International Space Station (ISS), the air inside the ISS would indeed rush out of the hole due to the lack of atmospheric pressure in space. However, contrary to what is often portrayed in science fiction movies, it is unlikely that the crew members would be instantly sucked out into space.

The pressure drop would initially create a strong airflow out of the hole, but eventually, the airflow would slow down and eventually stop once the air pressure inside the ISS equalizes with the vacuum of space. The speed at which the air rushes out would depend on the size of the hole, the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the ISS, and the location of the hole.

To prevent the crew from being sucked out into space, the ISS is designed with multiple pressure compartments. In the event of a hull breach, the compartments can be sealed off from each other to prevent the entire station from depressurizing. Additionally, the ISS is equipped with emergency procedures and equipment, such as spacesuits and oxygen masks, to protect the crew in case of a depressurization event.

In 2018, a small hole was discovered on the ISS, and the crew was able to patch it with sealant and tape until a more permanent fix could be made. While it was not a significant threat to the crew, it served as a reminder of the importance of maintaining the integrity of the ISS and the need for rapid response to any issues that may arise

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Very interesting paper! Thanks for the link.

You've done your research.

The only additional extant species I can think of are more honorable mentions. Sagittariidae are mostly terrestrial, but capable of flight and nest in trees.

Ground cuckoos in the subfamily neomorphinae also aren't truly flightless, but are terrestrial. They aren't true carnivores, but they are fierce predators and will prey on rattlesnakes and tarantula hawks.

This is the answer i was looking for. Is there a type of company or organization in charge of labeling these boxes and keeping the secret or is this just another group within your organization?

> Are prions completely absent in healthy individuals?

Yes, otherwise everyone would die from them pretty fast. Despite similarities, prions aren't viruses or bacteria, they can't lie dormant

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Thank you all for the responses. I believe I misspoke when I brought up Kuru and MCD, as I was just trying to find a more... tangible disease than just "the jitters" that I'm familiar with. Most of the videos I've watched on the subject seemed to imply that cannibalism in any capacity will eventually cause some sort of extremely debilitating disease/condition, and was not aware how specific those two examples actually were.

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That said, I am still quite confused on the actual chain of events when cannibalism occurs (without prior infection like Kuru and MCD), for species that are affected negatively.

>So I'm aware that, most notably, humans and cows suffer quite a debilitating condition if they partake in cannibalism, as Kuru and mad cow disease from prion infection.

I think it's important to understand exactly how Kuru happened.

Specifically, it happened in a group of people who engaged in ritual cannibalism of members of their own group who had died. Someone in that group had a spontaneous case of CVJD. They died, presumably of the disease, and were eaten by group members...specifically by women and children. Men occasionally at meat, but never organ and brain tissue. And nearly all cases of Kuru were in women or children. People who ate infected tissue and became infected themselves died, were eaten, and passed the disease along.

So it wasn't just cannibalism that allowed kuru to spread, it was the specific circumstances of cannibalism. First of all, a rare case of CJVD had occurred in the population to kick the whole tragedy off. The people who were eaten had died of natural causes, so people who had advanced stages of kuru were themselves eaten and able to infect others. The people being consumed were group members, so the disease could form a continuous chain.

In other circumstances, Kuru would not have been as likely to propagate. For example, if this was cannibalism where enemies killed or captured in battle were eaten, there'd be less chance for the disease to spread. A person killed in combat would be less likely to be suffering from the disease in the first place. If the disease did spread from the first individual to those eating them, it would be less likely to get a second chance to spread (Because those warriors would have to themselves be taken by enemies that also practiced cannibalism and eaten). And if the tissue being eaten was flesh and not brain and nerve tissue, spread would also be less likely.

This plays in to the spread of the disease in other mammals as well. It's exactly what happened in cows, for example. Older animals that had the disease were ground up and their organ meat was fed to many other cattle, who were themselves ground up and refed when they died. That made for a continuous chain of transmission. In contrast, using your example of cannibalism in the wild of young animals, they are less likely to have a spontaneous prion disease in the first place. And even if it does, the chain of infection would not persist because the adult that ate the offspring would be unlikely to themselves be cannibalized, especially by more than one individual (which is required for the disease to actually spread).

TLDR

To actually spread prion diseases by cannibalism, it's not enough for cannibalism to occur. The individuals which contract the disease by cannibalism must themselves be cannibalized, and by multiple individuals, and so on in a chain of transmission.

That said, cannibalism does also expose you to other, more ordinary diseases. It's also often risky, since adults of the same species are usually dangerous prey. And you also run the risk of harming your fitness by eating a relative.

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Everything i have seen regarding the earth is that we know absolutely nothing about the earth after a few miles toward the center. The sources i have seen say we think it acts like a plastic toward the bottom of the crust but we dont know a lot of the composition in most areas unless there is a volcano, but even that can be missleading because not all magma is the same composition either. And even when you hear people say 'The core is iron, thats why we have the field', well Iron has a curie point which means at 1420 F / 770 C it loses its magnetic properties. Its wild how little we know or care about the planet we live on.

How it actually works for most studies for meds. We get shipped a bunch of identical boxes - identical except some contain placebo, some investigational product. After the potential subject passes the screening process (to ensure they are a good candidate and meet all inclusion criteria), we log into a program that gives us the code number for the box to give the subject. The distribution of numbers is predetermined. No one really knows what is distributed.

FWIW, fraud - if it exists - has nothing to do with the desired outcome. It is the result of the financial motivation to enroll subjects, which can be significant. Most of the unsavory activity is from greedy sites enrolling unqualified or even phony people.