Sweet. Is there a physical reason why wind moves to colder places?

Yes, but the jet stream is powerful and mixes the air pretty fast. Summer storms have a lot of energy, which is why they tend to be so destructive

But wouldn’t that mean that the water droplets would have to travel thousands of miles “close to the surface” because usually those places are far away, and not just go up like 2K up?

Up cold is a lot closer than low cold.

Evaporation happens where it's hot (summer) and the vapor moves to where it is cold (winter). It may be cold way up high, but before enough moisture builds there, the winds will generally move it somewhere colder close to the surface.

There are several ways. Firstly when the car is hit in the side it suddenly starts accelerating sideways. If the people inside the car is not wearing seatbelts they will not be accelerating with the car. And so the car door will come and smash them in the side so hard that the glass shatters and the steel doors buckle and tear. The door might therefore let people through it, either through the window or through a torn up opening. It might for example just catch a leg and tear it off as the rest of the body is squezed through the window hitting the other car.

But if the car door is able to keep the passengers inside the car they are now bounced back inside the car. They might also hit things like the center console, dashboard, car seats, etc. and get bounced all over the place. If someone hits a weak point in the car such as the windows, windscreen, sunroof or a damaged door they might do so with enough force to go thorugh. Not always the entire body though, commonly only an arm, a leg or a head is able to get outside and the rest of the body stay inside the car. There are a lot of forces involved here.

And lastly as you say the car may spin out of control, either sideways or rolling. This creates a centrifugal force pushing everything outwards. So again people might get smashed against windows and doors already weakened or broken from the initial crash.

The seatbelts are there to protect you. They keep you in your seat away from any of the windows and doors as well as away from any impacting vehicles. Instead of getting smashed in the head by the inside of a car door which used to be on the other side of the car a fraction of a second ago you get a comperatively slow acceleration with the car.

Also Tesla have built int rhe battery into the core chassi so they save on weight. And yes you can upgrade individual cells which can be done on old bicycle batteries.

So to see a demonstration of this, put an orange in your open palm next time you are in a car and slam on the brakes. See how the orange seemed to speed forward, splatter on the dashboard, and make a massive mess? Same thing happened to those people in the minivan. WEAR YOUR DAMN SEATBELT

Edit: spelling

On that note, it really is quite fun explaining the Yellowstone Supervolcano to somebody who's never heard of it before. Never mind when you tell them that there are several of these things around the world, and Yellowstone isn't even the one most likely to go off first.

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You’re moving one way

The other car is moving another.

Your vehicles collide and transfer momentum, so now your vehicle is moving in some third direction.

You, however, continue moving in the original direction until something stops you.

If you’re smart, this is a seatbelt.

If you’re less smart, the now-deformed doors unlatch or the windshield pops out and you continue moving down the pavement.

Inertia is the answer. When the car stops, anything that isn’t the car will keep going at the speed it was going previously. A body hitting a windshield at 70mph will break it. In spin outs, the inertia still acts on the unsecured bodies but we call it centrifugal force. Kind of like a washer doing a spin cycle flings the clothes to the edge of the drum.

Tesla batteries are literally just a lot of Panasonic 18650 batteries (ie, the lithium aa) wired together. They're not modular because it's a mess.

Oops! Edited.

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What you're talking about is usually called predatory lending. Generally the term loan shark refers to people who operate outside of the law.

That's primarily why they're so dangerous, they're just like predatory lending companies but on top of that you have no legal recourse, nor does the loan shark have to obey any laws surrounding lending. Depending on what sort of loan shark they are they may even resort to intimidation and violence.

Because they offer loans at absurd interest rates with the expectation that you can/will NEVER repay the debt, and they will continue to collect from you an amount FAR GREATER than you ever borrowed in the first place.

Payday Loan Companies are only different in that they set their rates just below what a given jurisdiction would deem illegal.

The worst period cramps you’ve ever had, multiplied as high and you can imagine. Mixed with the pressure of a watermelon trying to burst through your crotch, also while your stomach and intestines are being squeezed and twisted.

It starts off bearable, but eventually the pain and pressure consumes you.

Eventually pushing actually helps because it’s gives you a little control and you know you’re making progress towards it all being over with.

The height of contractions is worse than the pain of pushing a baby out.

My epidural didn’t work with my second.

Loan sharks are bad because they charge very high interest rates on the money they lend. This means that if you borrow money from them, you will have to pay back much more money than you borrowed. They also often use mean and scary ways to get the money back if you can't pay them on time, which can be very scary and upsetting. It's better to borrow from a bank or credit union, where the interest rates are lower and they are more understanding if you have trouble paying back the loan.

Like a cramp in your stomach, but the most intense cramp. I mostly had back pain, so it was like when back hurts but worse. Also it comes and goes. I think back labor would have been easier but I couldn't walk around much because I was induced so they needed me on monitors

If you are a lady, it's period cramps (uterus does have contraction for period). Contractions vary in labor, so the medium contractions were like bad period cramps.

To add to what has already been said, "loan sharks" (high interest, short term loans) are often just as happy to take whatever collateral you put up to secure the loan. $500 payday loan, 600% APR (not an exaggeration), and maybe you put your car note down as collateral. If you have a 30 day loan term and can't come up with the roughly $750 in a month, they just bought your car for $500.

It also doesn't need to be a loan shark to get into a debt spiral. Things like buying a new car on the 7 year loan with very little money down can make your $40k vehicle cost closer to $52k, whereas taking a 4 year loan and putting more down puts the cost closer to $42k.

The other parts going on that are unsaid in this:

Your legs and shifting weight are helping to steer the horse while at speed and keeping your balance.

Your off hand is keeping the coils loose and untangled, so the extra rope will play out freely when you throw.

Your off hand is preparing to safely dally on the saddle horn, aka wrap quickly to lock in tension. You can and will get injured if this goes wrong. From severe rope burn to losing a thumb.

Keeping a repetitive motion with a 5 foot loop spinning over your head is helping keep the working end of the rope out of the way, preparing it to throw at the right time, and using muscle memory to help coordinate all the other actions going on simultaneously.

Beyond that, each rope is different as well, some are twisted for left hand vs right hand, some are stiffer, some are well broken in. The force of spinning keeps the loop from collapsing and getting twisted up.

Another dimension to this is that intelligence agencies, by their very nature, are very difficult to have proper oversight and regulation of. So it may be in a nation’s best interest to have multiple separate agencies that don’t really compete with each other and have independent chains of command so that one agency doesn’t unilaterally control everything and it’s more difficult to compromise your intelligence network. See how in the US the NSA handles mostly electronic and signals intelligence while the CIA deals more with human agents and spies, and the NRO handles space assets and satellite based intelligence that it provides to those agencies and the many others in the US intel network.

Do they actually make excessive profits, and if so what's to stop other people from entering the market and undercutting them? My guess is that the default rate on payday loans is so high that they actually do have to charge such interest rates to cover the risk from an actuarial perspective.

From open source information in books about the topic, an example of the issue would be foreign intelligence bribing or blackmailing a source, and then having to internally weigh the credibility of the information.

Opposed to many countries having citizens rights about trial and facing accusers, so information gained because they threatened someone about exposing an affair, is not considered okay in court.
Foreign intel does not need to convince a jury with a judge and defense attorney. Credible information can be "Well we bribed a food company dock worker and know their ships just loaded enough food for 3 months."

It's one of the issues that is cited in the intelligence failure before 9/11.
Foreign intelligence didn't want to work with Domestic intelligence because domestic intelligence would need to explain in court where the information came from. Also because they didn't trust them to maintain security on the info. Also because there is a higher duty to act domestically. Foreign intel may want follow something and see where it goes to work the entire network, while domestic might want to make an arrest. Domestic didn't want to work with foreign for the inverse reasons. Getting info from something that would violate rights domestically means info is unusable in court. Foreign side wouldn't elaborate on sources either which is not enough for legal proceedings.