In your stomach, food and liquid gets churned and processed with acid and enzymes, so by the time it moves into your intestines it is basically just liquid.

As it passes through your intestines, a lot of the molecules in it will go through the membrane and into your blood. This includes most of the water and most of the small nutritional molecules like sugars, but leaves behind other things like large non-digestible molecules like fiber.

What doesn't leave your intestines ends up forming your feces. Your urine, on the other hand, is blood that has been filtered by your kidneys.

This becomes more of a rate consideration. To have flow, the space has to be big enough to allow the molecule through essentially unimpeded, AND the open space has to be connected the entire distance. Unconnected pore space is not very useful to flow.

Down at the molecular scale (sub-micron size range, down near the nanometer (1/1000 of a micron, or 10 angstroms), there will be interaction of the liquid's molecules with adjacent neighbors of the container material, and this is a sort of friction (resistance to flow as the adjacent molecules attract or repel each other when close). With large open spaces, the resistance is only an issue at the edge of the open space, so flow is unimpeded toward the middle of a pipe or crack, but does drag along its edges (water moves slower at the borders of the space). Even rivers show the effects of drag at the edges and bottom (flow goes from free flow/max flow speed to no flow over a very short distance between pure liquid and the "wall" of the passageway).

When you get down to the size range of a few molecules thick, this resistance to flow (interaction with the walls) actually matters, can fill the entire tube or fracture, and to overcome it you need to provide a much larger force to impose the flow (increase differential pressure to overcome the resistance of near-molecule interactions).

The material of the "container" matters because each compound will have its own particular electromagnetic zone of influence (charge space). The materials can also affect the nature of the "pipes" (cracks/flow pathways), so clays, which stack like sheets upon each other, can have a lot of open space, more open space than a quartz silt would (as examples) but the narrowness of the interlayer space means all water is interacting with the clay surface, the entire route that it has to flow (and it is a longer route because it is back and forth, a switchback path rather than almost straight through). On top of the simple constriction and path length aspects, clay has a very strong charge distribution so grabs passing water molecules fairly strongly compared to quartz, which lacks that charge disparity in its structure. Clay is thus generally speaking way less "leaky" than a quartz silt of similar porosity and explains why clay is generally favored as natural seals for landfills or whatever storage we do not particularly want to see leaking.

Oh, I also forget to mention that different fluids have different viscosities (natural resistance to flow) so some liquids will not flow without a strong head (pressure differential) even if the space is pretty wide open: the liquid's molecules interact with each other and are a form of self-produced friction.

A crack is only a leaky one if the pressure (force on the liquid inside the container) is high enough to overcome all of the various forms of resistance that the container will present. Typically, there is a minimum gap width that has to exist for the situation before flow can commence freely. Part of this is due to the resistance to flow in small passageways, and part of it is simply a matter of unit volume per time (slow flow through a small hole cannot let much volume through it; just no room for it). The rate can be offset somewhat by pressurization, by pushing on the liquid inside the container, but there are limits.

As a general idea (and it varies depending on materials), the zone of flow resistance is a few molecules thick from wall into fluid. nanometer-sized passages tend to be pretty resistant to leakage. And even if there is leakage, the volumes of lost material will be extremely tiny. Free flow is not going to happen and what does manage to pass will be doing it very slowly. Faster than by diffusion (migration of molecules, one at a time, through random movement) but not fast in the way we look at things.

Strictly speaking, diffusion occurs in pretty well anything. Diffusion is the (extremely slow) movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. The occasional molecule changes place, or wheedles its way in somehow, into the walls of the container. Eventually, some luck molecule makes it the entire way across the barrier. But it is really slow.

Point is, nothing is truly impermeable. Time frames matter (keeps the liquid inside long enough for our needs, is the basic idea we look for). Many ceramics (like for coffee cups) have a lot of open space inside, but the spaces do not connect well at all, so the cup is impermeable. Some clay-based containers are leakier than others, and you might see some sweating if they are imperfectly sealed, but even then, the amount of liquid being lost is tiny so the user doesn't much care, usually.

Every. Damn. Year. But if I tried to “overspend” on something necessary—knowing full well that the budget wasn’t going to be compromised in any way—I’d be scolded.

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Incorrect.

Soles and palms are made of glaborous skin design to let heat out.

Cutaneous skin keeps heat in.

A fan or creating airflow is airflow has absolutely nothing to do with biology.

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Sorry. Are you confident that lemon has no effect? Because other answers seem to say that citric acid cuts mucus.

Who's lying? And who has any sources to back them up?

I'm assuming planets and other celestial bodies don't experience drag in space, so those definitely will keep orbiting their star until it expands and swallow them then? Assuming nothing flying through space impacts them with enough momentum to shift the course

Generally, an illness or eating something bad will trigger something in the stomach that tells the brain we need to empty the system now. The brain tells the intestines to fast track everything which doesn’t leave time for the water to be properly absorbed so it’s just along for the ride

Businesses are not families, and I know lots of families that do spend their budgets like that. In fact my wife and I realized that we came in $5000 under our annual budget and are looking at things we could buy that would improve our life that we didn't think we could afford earlier.

Companies generally already have cash stores, but cash sitting is cash wasted. Cash can and should be invested, either back in the company, or elsewhere, used to pay down debt, or used to pay shareholders.

So if your budget is reduced because you didn't spend it. That money will not just sit for a rainy day, it will be transferred to another place where it can do work for the business.

A last example. Microsoft purchased Minecraft, because it had too much cash in the bank, and the interest return on that cash was less than they would get by buying Minecraft, so they did.

UMich’s fight song, The Victors, still refers to the team as “Champions of the West”.

Which poses the question, what can cause the intestines to not absorb the water?

Thanks, makes sense

That's pretty much it. The big thing about diabetes and feet is that it makes it so any wounds you do get on your feet are much harder to heal, so the most simple preventative measure is to just try not to get wounds on your feet.

Except its wrong.

It's to prevent misuse of funds and overspending. In a big organisation like a company not every single person working in that company is aware of how much money they have and how its being spent, there's departments whose jobs it is to do that but the rest of the people working in the company don't know, aside from some management positions who usually get an abridged run down of expenses. Smaller branches of bigger companies or organisations have their own accounting departments that are in charge of tracking expenses, making the budget and requesting money from the central accounting department.

So from the point of view of central management they prefer not giving out more money than is needed because that could lead to misuse, or at the very least unnecessary spending. From the point of view of smaller subdivisions though they prefer their budget not being reduced because in the off chance they have unexpected expenses their budget doesn't cover, requesting money and getting it approved is a long drawn out process. Also it's less work for them to receive lump sums and allocate them as they see fit than having to individually calculate and predict all expenses to a near zero margin of error, because that's pretty much impossible but also a lot more work for them. So the general tactic is to track spending for some time and once they get an average of yearly spending to request a bit more than that which gives them more leeway with spending, and is less work for them. The year goes by and expenses are covered and catalogued, and when the year is nearing its end if they see they have left over money they simply find ways to spend the money which justifies them receiving it in the first place, so that to central management it will seem like they need that amount every year so they'll get it next year too. If they find themselves short on cash it gives off the impression that either their accounting department/management is incompetent or that they're overspending, even if that's not the case.

TL;DR, it looks better when a smaller subdivision requests the same amount of money every year. If they request more than they initially got it seems like they're incompetent or overspending. It's less work for them and easier to operate with a budget that allows leeway instead of trying to fine tune it to be exact, which is impossible since there's always unexpected expenses popping up throughout the year. Central management on the other hand does not want to overspend because that cuts into profits and of course they want to prevent embezzlement, so all money allocated has to be accounted for and spent on something with the receipts and invoices to prove it.

Palms and feet and forehead all work better.

Glabrous skin is designed for heat transfer and only located in these 3 spots.

The skin on your wrist does not transfer cold as effectively beneath the skin surface.

Other suggested locations are Neck/arm pits because they are thinner cutaneous skin similar to wrist but the blood flow is direct to your brain.

De-oxyginated blood from your wrist goes to your heart and not your brain and there would be little cooling effect and less benefit then using any of the medically recommended cooling areas.

>I mean, you would agree that we wouldn't ever give two states the same name, right?

Washington State / Washington DC is annoyingly close.

Incentive pay systems are a bitch to design, because people are so good at gaming them. One call centre I worked at had contests on Friday if weekly sales had been down. One woman, no matter how bad she was doing by lunch, always pulled out a bunch of sales in the afternoon, and was given the $50 cash prize.

I was the data analyst, and got suspicious. Sure enough, all most of those 'sales' would be cancelled on Tuesday or Wednesday of the next week. We listened to the tapes of her sales calls, and heard "I'll put the order in to reserve your spot; if you change your mind over the weekend, you can cancel." She didn't deny any of this when confronted with the evidence; she also didn't come back to work the next day, or ever after.

Also, the top performers on each team seemed to win week after week, which makes sense. They are the best sales people, so they generally sell more at all times. But an incentive that goes to the top performers most of the time only reinforces an "us vs them" mentality on the sales team, where the top performers are seen as getting the best leads (they do), and getting the most slack for things like being late, etc. (they did). As I said, designing a good, fair, working incentive system that can't be 'gamed' is not easy.

That's somewhat easy to say in hindsight when we don't have the ill effects of a more surgical program to compare. Its the key problem in economics - true experiments with control groups are incredibly rare, so we can rarely say which option was "best" with certainty.

A surgical program would have likely stemmed the inflation issue, but would also have likely taken much longer to execute, leaving people who needed funds without them for potentially months. It also would have "false negatives" - denying money entirely due to bureaucratic errors.

Whether or not that would have been worse than the partial impact it had on inflation is impossible to say.

Fun fact: Alabama, Mississippi, etc were once The Old Southwest for similar reasons.

Where is this trunk on a person? Honest question.

Different way of looking at it. Budgets are more like setting enterprise or department-wide financial targets.

If you want something more comparable between a company's spending and a family's budget (where they account for every dollar), look at the Statement of Cash Flow. Money comes in from operations (work), some comes in through financing (loans), some goes out the door when you buy new assets to make more money later on (car) then whatever is left over can get put into retained earnings (savings).

While steel melts at a relatively high temperature relative to other metals like copper, aluminium, gold, silver and tin etc, it is not at a temperature that is unimaginably high. (maybe 1.5x to 3x).

Things like stone, ceramics, clay and sand can easily withstand the melting temperature of steel. All you need is to make the container out of this kind of materials. (This is why the forge doesn't melt when steel is melted)

There are also other metals that have higher melting points than steel - titanium for example. But titanium is way too expensive to make into forging containers - a simple clay container is sufficient.