It's mostly anatibacterial for the reason you stated. But, it also contains methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide -- both are antibacterial.

Imagine you have a Spiderman Comic. Not even a really rare one. Just a regular old Spiderman comic. It's worth $1.

Then an interview surfaces where Stan Lee says that's his very favourite issue of Spiderman ever. Now it's worth $100.

Then you find out your copy is signed by Stan Lee himself. Now it's worth $1000.

Then it comes to light he signed ten copies of this one comic. A guy in Sweden owns the other nine. Now yours is worth $5000.

Then the guy in Sweden says that all of his copies burned in a fire. Now it's worth $10,000.

But then the guy is caught selling five copies of the comic. Turns out he made up the story to drive the price up. Yours is worth $5,000 again.

Then it turns out they weren't signed by hand, but with a stamp. Now it's worth $2,000. Then it turns out there's actually hundreds of them. Now its worth $500.

Then a story emerges that Stan Lee didn't draw any comics, or write anything, that it was all lies and self-promotion, and also he was secretly a communist and a spy for the Swedes. Every hates Stan Lee and all twenty-eight Spiderman movies currently in production are cancelled.

Now it's worth $1 again.

In all cases, your actual possessions haven't changed, but your net worth has been all over the place.

Expanded to a grand scale, that's basically how the stock market works.

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Well, in theory, if conditions don't change, an orbit remains unchanged forever.

However, in practice, in our Solar system for example, you've got planets orbiting the Sun, each at their own pace, and every planet is exerting some gravitational force on other planets as they pass each other by, making tiny changes in their orbits.

So, orbits do change over HUGE periods of time (but we're talking slight changes over millions of years), but they don't really decay.

Unfortunately I think most of the answers here miss the most important aspect of why senior leadership does this.

When the fiscal year begins the company commits to the Board of Directors that they will be spending a certain amount (the budget) and that they expect a certain output from that spend (the revenue).

Not spending your full budget is a big deal especially when you dont meet your revenue goals, mostly because it looks like you didnt try.

When companies dont spend their whole budget AND they dont meet revenue targets that looks really bad. When they spend their whole budget but dont meet their revenue targets thats still not good but its generally regarded a simpler issue to fix (efficiency)

When we see companies who havent met their committed budget thats a big red flag and usually means we're way hesitant to invest in them.

Edit: this is beginning to blow up a bit so I want to be very clear that I dont mean that companies should be spending unnecessarily JUST to meet budget but rather that if there's budget left they should spend on something beneficial to the growth of the company. I.e. lets say you spent 80% of your budget and met your revenue goals and now youre wondering what to do with the other 20%, so therefore you spend that 20% on getting another sales rep, or getting more advanced technical training for your workers etc etc. As opposed to going out for a big team dinner just to spend the surplus. When leadership asks you to spend your whole budget, theyre expecting the former not the latter.

Nobody in leadership wants meaningless spend. That type of thing gets you fired in the blink of an eye in most organizations.

Thanks that’s a nice definition.

Basically, what you really care about is "How likely is it that any given molecule of this stuff will randomly break down at any time?" because if you know that and you are working with billions and billions of molecules, that gives you a very good idea how long the drug will last overall.

But even drugs with short shelf-lives are stable enough to make that probably very low, so instead of saying "In any given second there is a 0.000000000000000000000000000000001 percent chance of one molecule breaking down." we measure it indirectly instead. And that's what a half-life is: it takes the probability of each molecule breaking down and is an estimate of how long it will take for there to only be half of the substance left.

Let's use a model as an example: let's say you have a school of 1000 children, and you give them each a ten-sided die. You have them all roll the die at the same time, and every child who rolls a 10 gets eliminated.

In the first round, about 100 students will be eliminated, leaving 900. Next about 90 are eliminated, leaving 810. This keeps going with the number eliminated getting lower or lower until eventually there are only one or two students left and it becomes very hard to predict how long it will take to eliminate the last few people. The number or rounds necessary to get to about 500 students would be the half-life in this scenario.

>why do such policy exist?

To justify funding; If they don't use it all, then next budget isn't going to assume they need it, which may not be the case.

This is also the case if the business is in any type of program that relies on their requirements. If they spend less, they might get less next FY

>Isn't it better to carry over unused expenses to the next FY?

Not necessarily.

From an economical point of view, money sitting in a bank account is wasted potential. It should either be spent on making the company better, or paid to shareholders. Otherwise, it's rapidly losing value due to inflation.

Science has the exact unarguable answer but lets just ignore it and be idiots.

Glabrous skin is good at transferring heat.

Cutaneous skin is bad at transferring heat.

In the old times people died a lot more than they do today, and many had various accidents. From the way people died or the way they were affected by accidents they were able to roughly deduce the role of each of our organs and what they do and how they affect us. Doctors did exist and they did examine patients post mortem as well as attempt surgery, with varying results. Also the same applied to animals, and people were able to understand that animals such as deer or livestock had the same organs as us so this allowed for further observation and experimentation.

Overall while there may have been several misconceptions and mysteries throughout history a surprising amount was understood about our bodies. Figuring out that the brain in particular is the center of thought and sense of self is relatively easy since they could easily observe how injury to the brain or other ailments like tumors could affect one's faculties.

Washington is a city inside the District of Columbia.

That's why it's "Washington, DC", not "Washington DC"

This is fundamentally incorrect for taxes in the US. The IRS only cares (on a very simple level) about your earnings minus your expenses only for the specific financial year. A budget is only for internal use and providing information to investors. The IRS doesn't care that my lemonade stand was budgeted to profit $50 million, if I only profit 10 cents then that's all I get taxed for

Edit: responded to wrong comment but the info is still relevant

If a company spends its entire profit paying its employees, the slightest dip in revenue forces it to work at a loss, if the situation persists for long enough it can obviously lead to bankruptcy

Not to mention potential issues like equipment/machinery/whatever breaking and not being able to afford getting it repaired or replaced because you gave the whole profit to your employees

Thunderclap headache equals bleed (usually subarachnoid bleed) until proven otherwise (I'm a Dr).

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Cons are that there is no incentive for some team owners to field competitive teams, especially when so much revenue is tied to league revenues or long term broadcast rights.

Pro is that the American sports with giant stadiums, conferences and division alignments and such would all make a relegation system hard to implement logistically.

Say the NFL were to relegate the Texans and Bears at the end of the season, there is no second tier to send them to / from which to promote new teams into NFL. Even in sports with minor leagues, those teams are owned by major league teams to develop talent.

This is not the reason. Legumes are nitrogen-fixing-plants, nitrogen is needed to make proteins. Legumes, and other N-Fixers have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria in the soil that extract nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into a stable form of nitrogen for the plants.

It's biology

Cutaneous skin is bad at heat transfer.

Glabrous skin is good at heat transfer.

Any other explanation is wrong.

Yep. If hypothetically you had a train on the surface of the moon (not a complete vacuum, but close enough) then it wouldn't matter if you were on top of the train or inside of it, because there would be no air resistance to slow you down.

Glabrous skin vs cutaneous skin.

You are conflating range (time or distance) vs efficiency. First, % battery loss per time would be an unnecessarily complex metric, you would just put the time. That does not tell you how efficient the car is as battery size is not held steady. In terms of a gas car, a Hummer could have a longer time until you need to fill up, but it is obviously not as efficient as a Prius. MPGe while not necessarily the best metric, does provide an efficency metric. It also has a rough correlation to the MPG metric used for years in the US.

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Correlation vs causation.

You assume that the 4.9 time spike at the end of the year is due to managers frivolously wasting their budgets to pad it out. And I have no doubt that some do this.

But there is also an equally plausible and much more rational explanation that would also explain the spike in spending at the end of the year.
The department has some low priority spending goals that their employees identified during the year, maybe things like upgrading keyboards, or even starting a new project that would be beneficial but is just low priority. Management does not know exactly how the year will go, so they delay committing to these things as long as possible, so that they have some money in case of an emergency. But as the deadline of the fiscal year approaches, they can get more confident that they can spend this money on the lower priority things, and not expose themselves to a risk of IL-liquidity in their budget, because it will be refreshed soon.

You are incorrect about it being a placebo effect in regards to just honey and lemon. Honey actually breaks down proteins ( mucus is a protein). But this only works when the temperature of the mix stays under 140f and the components stay intact. For anyone adding really hot water they are destroying it and for them it is a placebo effect. So done correctly it is very effective at killing bacteria and breaking down mucus Done incorrectly ( as most people do) it’s just a tasty drink

No.

You have 2 types of skin.

Cutaneous - Thick, harry, pigmented, less pores, Doesn't transfer heat in or out of your body well.

Glabrous skin - Hairless, pigment less, Lots of pores. Transfers heat well.

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Glabrous skin is located on your palms/soles and forehead.