Man these answers … this is a classic for being simple yet hard to explain. The first part of the question is easily answered. Hot air is less dense. There’s less “stuff” in a packet of hot air. So it rises up , just like a balloon held under water rises up. All the colder air around the packet of warm air is pushing it up. In fact if you could look really closely you would see that the cold air was pushing on the warm air a littler more on the bottom than on the top, and that slight difference in push means there’s a net upwards force. Now you might think that’s true for a packet of cold air right? But what is the counteracting force ? What’s pulling down on everything? It’s gravity. Gravity pulls down on the cold air and warm air alike right? But remember we said the warm air had less “stuff” in other words it doesn’t weigh as much as cold air. This is the secret sauce of buoyancy. The cold air pushes up with the exact same force as gravity pulling down *on a packet of cold air”. After all that’s where air pressure comes from in this first place, from gravity smashing all this air together at low altitude. But if you replace a chunk of cold air with a chunk of warm air, such as in a hot air balloon, the gravitational force on the balloon is less than the surrounding air. Imagine a more extreme where the balloon was empty. No weight at all except the skin of the balloon. Now all that cold air outside the balloon is pushing at the bottom of the balloon but there’s no downward force from the weight of the balloon because this imaginary balloon is weightless! So up it goes.

For the second half of your question, we have two things going on. But the simplest way to understand this I think is to ask yourself not why it gets colder but why it’s warmer down at sea level. The answer is simple, that’s where the heat is. Where does most of this heat come from? It’s sunlight. Sunlight hitting the earth and warming it up. The ground gets warm and so the air near the ground is also warm. 30,000 feet up , the sunlight is passing through the almost perfectly transparent air without even touching the air molecules. So they stay pretty cold. Go far enough up and you’re almost in space where it seems logical that the air is cold. It’s only down on the ground that it makes sense to feel warmth. There are complications to this , and there are parts of the upper atmosphere that are technically very hot because they are in fact absorbing some high energy light. But there’s so little of that air that you wouldn’t feel the heat. The other issue is pressure. The hot air rising in the first question does something interesting as it rises. It starts to spread apart because the pressure drops as you get higher. As the warm air molecules spread a part from each other , they use up some of their heat energy. So not only is it colder up high; the process of getting up high cools you down from the work of expanding.

Okay I see. So the stuff they were shitting took up more space than the stuff they were consuming so it exploded?

Yeah this removal was wrong. This isn’t at all a personal thing, I genuinely wanted to know how the chemical phenomenon worked. This in no way affects my life personally. I don’t often store milk at room temperature and forget about it lol

'Air' didn't get in. You let the milk spoil, which is caused by bacteria reproducing. Bacteria are alive, they eat and shit like any other living thing. In your case, they ate the water and sugar in the milk and shat alcohol and carbon dioxide, and kept doing that until the pressure was too high for the container to hold.

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> the potential

lol

Putting electricity through water has the potential to produce other chemicals in the water that you would like to avoid

Lets divide the atmosphere into spheres of equal size. The molecules in warm air bounce off each other more, meaning that each warm sphere will have fewer molecules in it and therefore less mass. Likewise, cold air molecules bounce off each other less, so each cold sphere will have more air molecules in it, and therefore have more mass. Spheres with more mass weigh more than spheres with less mass, so the former descend and the latter rise relative to each other.

As warm spheres rise, two things happen:

1. pressure falls because there are fewer and fewer molecules above a sphere pressing down on the whole atmosphere. As pressure goes down, energetic molecules spread out and bounce into each other less often, which reduces their temperature; and

2. air moves away from its main heat source: Earth's surface. More of its energy simply radiates away into space.

So rising air steadily cools, but continues to rise so long as it remains slightly warmer than adjacent air masses.

You can manage a touch over that with ultra spicy food. I ate some wings in Manchester (they were very tasty as well as pretty warm) and about 25 mins later advanced gurgling noises were instructing me to find a pub and the toilet within with haste. The output was quite definitely the chili coating of the wings, oh my yes.

And a bit funnier - there are a lot of varios materials in mud water which will start to react with each other if there is enogh current making water toxic and undrinkable

Great explanation. Now explain like I’m 5 years old

Anything structural requires new aluminum. Including cans.
Scrap aluminum is actually mostly used as an oxidizer for steel production. They add it to the pot and it pulls all the impurities to the top. Refining metals is a dirty business.

But it doesn't know what it's remembering. Think of your brain like a computer. Your unconscious is looking for any .Regret files, but it doesn't know what's in them until your conscious opens the file and puts it back together.

When electricity meets water, it heats up and boils the organism. The problem is it'd take a lot of electricity to kill as much bacteria as we do with other methods that are more energy efficient.

Thanks for the correction :)

Living tissue (including fat cells) need a constant supply of blood and oxygen. The bigger you are, there's just physically more flesh to keep supplied. Your heart has to push a bigger volume of blood through a longer length of tubes to reach all the parts.

It's like how if a city could only have one water-supply pump station, and could only use one diameter of pipe, as the city got bigger and added hundreds of houses further and further away, that pump would have to run more often and at higher pressure to keep up with the flow being drawn from everyone's taps.

Okay, nothing so far really explains what the OGL is properly. It’s not about what you can do in your personal games with friends; WotC never could and never will be able to control that.

The Open Gaming License is a license that Wizards of the Coast, publishers of D&D, released twenty years ago. It basically made most of the core rules of the game free to use, especially for third party publishers, under certain relatively permissive conditions. This means that other publishers could sell rule books compatible with D&D, using the D&D rules, and WotC promised they wouldn’t sue or demand royalties or anything.

This was not a purely altruistic move by any means. By releasing the rules for free and allowing other publishers to release their own supplements, D&D became THE tabletop RPG, the game that everyone was playing and wanted to play, and WotC enjoyed enormous success from this ecosystem.

It’s also worth noting that game rules are probably not copyrightable to begin with; the exact language used in the books is copyrightable, but systems and equations are not. The OGL lets you use the exact language of the original rules, and was a sign of good faith for WotC that they wouldn’t sue, but people already had the right to make supplements compatible with the D&D rules.

About a month ago, with a new edition of the game on the horizon, WotC tried to release a new version of the OGL with some notable changes. They wanted royalties for publishers making more than a certain amount, they wanted to be able to deny you the right to use the game rules for anything they deemed inappropriate, they wanted to nullify the previous OGL which was supposed to be irrevocable, and… the community reacted. Hard. This OGL update threatened to shut down or heavily hurt tons of smaller publishers putting out RPG content.

They just walked back their stance massively today, after weeks of digging themselves deeper, but it’s been a huge blow to trust that won’t likely recover soon.

Because hot air has more energy, the molecules of air are moving more and pushing each other away more, so its less dense. because of this hot air rises above colder air masses somewhat like a bubble rises in water, only much slower.

as you go higher up in the atmosphere, thanks to gravity the air naturally gets less dense. As the air gets less dense the air is allowed to expand out and cool, a process called Adiabatic Cooling. This same principle is why any liquid or gas sprayed out of a compressed canister, like compressed air or a fire extinguisher is cold.

Actually there's a lot of movement at higher altitudes. You don't have to climb very high on a mountain to notice the temperature drop.

Temperature and pressure are related. If you pressurize air, it heats up. If you reduce the pressure, it cools down. Higher altitudes are lower in atmospheric pressure.

That’s good, still a little bit of a bad taste for a good community but at least they backed off. I didn’t see much for any follow ups to the initial story but not really my channels. Thanks for the update

Cold air is a lot denser, as the particles that make it up move less. So, hot air gets pushed upwards, as it moves more. Think of it as a person trying to move through a crowd.

Hotness is kinetic energy that's been transferred as heat. If you move a lot, you get hot and sweat, but you stay still, you cool down. There's no active movement in the upper atmosphere, so naturally, it gets cold.

You can use radioactive sources to determine the density of something. The Cs-137 source emits photons when it decays (and betas but those don’t matter here). We know what energy those photons have as well as how many we should see in a second based on what we know about the age of the source itself. You can use that plus a bunch of fancy math to figure out how many photons you should count in a detector a certain distance away. Next we put something we want to know the density of in between the source and the detector and see how much lower our count is. For a lot of common materials we already have tables of what are called interaction coefficients. You use the right table and do some algebra with your measurements and you can figure out the density of the thing you want to measure. This is useful for knowing how well dirt is packed together, how dense rocks are, and it sometimes gets used in manufacturing for quality control.

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Oh, they abandoned the OGL entirely after the backlash, and published the entire 5.1 reference document under the incredibly lax Creative Commons license.

https://www.dndbeyond.com/posts/1439-ogl-1-0a-creative-commons

The qualification criteria are normally decided upon by the law enforcement bureaucracy under the authority of the executive at the municipal/state/federal level. While legislators can theoretically pass laws that outline specific qualifications, they're unlikely to do so because the subject is complex enough to exceed their expertise.

You might also consider that the qualifications are likely the wrong place to address any problems you have. Individual law enforcement officers have no more say over the policies of law enforcement than the cashier at Walmart can help you if you have a problem with how Walmart does business. It's just that as the most visible representative, both the LEO and the cashier bear the brunt of your rage rather than the appropriate targets.