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With software which speaks to hardware. Let's say your program says PRINT "a" The program will send the ASCII code for "a" to the operating system, saying this is to be printed. The operating system will look up the pattern of pixels for "a" in a font file, and send it to the video card. The video card will store it in the frame buffer, which is then repeatedly read and sent to the screen, which will decode the pixel data to decide which dots of red, green and blue should be illuminated.

This is a bit simplified, because i don't actually know any of this in detail, but it shows the principle.

The great thing is that all the links in the chain only need to understand its immediate neighbors. The screen doesn't need to understand a frame buffer, or an OS, it just needs to translate a video signal to a screen image. And the programmer doesn't need to know anything about how the screen works, just how to tell the computer to display something. This divides the immense complexity of modern computers into components that a team of engineers can comprehend.

Who the fuck gives a shit

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good answer, except your conveyer belt should have the pages laid out. and make you read to the part you need.

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Yes Anything with carbohydrates are bound to burn basically. There's a really famous expirement where you have two grapes in a microwave. You expose them to microwaves and they create plasma.

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Firstly the impression you have on native North American civilizations is from the 1800s after it had been ravaged by the effect of Europeans for three centuries. The Spanish explorers in the 1500s and later archeological evidence show that North American civilizations were very similar to the South American civilizations at the time. That means large cities with huge buildings, farmland as far as the eye can see, barges along the great river systems trading goods across the entire continents. We even find metalworking shops and metal items, although only for decorations as their alloys were not good enough to use.

There have been many attempts at explaining why the Americas were not more technologically advanced. The continent were much smaller which means that there are fewer places where the conditions are right for breakthrough. There were also fewer people so fewer people to come up with good ideas. In addition there were fewer useful animals. There were wolves (dogs) and lamas but not cows, horses, sheep, and many other animals useful for farmers and travelers.

Yes, it's like a pilot light on your water heater or oven. Once it's lit, it remains lit, as there is one long continuous combustion rather than repeated small explosions like in an internal combustion engine with pistons.

/* With turbines, it's actually that once they get up to self sustaining speeds of rotation, the compression they achieve is enough to ignite any fuel that is sprayed into the combustion chamber, which then expands and turns the blades on the way out of the engine, which continues to turn the compression blades up front, which maintains (or ads to) the speed of rotation. It's actually a very neat process to me.

The way they start up multi-turbine aircraft is basically by hooking up a small portable turbine that pushes air through the first engine on the aircraft, which begins turning the compressor on that engine until it achieves ignition and becomes self sustaining. Then, they disconnect the portable engine, and close some vents in the running engine and shunt the spare airflow to the next stopped engine, which gets that one turning until IT achieves sustaining speeds, and so on.

From the way you phrase the question it sounds like you misunderstood calories a bit.

The human body, and any organic substance like food but also bone or muscle or fat etc, are composed of molecules that contain energy which we refer to by measures of calories. Your stomach and intestines break apart foods that you ingest and release some of the energy as calories for the body to use for things like moving muscles or sending nerve signals etc.

But your muscles, fat, etc. are essentially also the same composition as some of our food, just like when we eat meat from other animals. If you don't eat at all, your body still needs some energy to move around and do things. So the body has mechanisms for effectively eating itself to convert your own body into usable energy.

Anytime you use more energy than you get from eating, the body is going to pull some energy from its own internal storage by consuming its own fat or muscle etc. It doesn't literally go through your digestive system, but it is similar in final result. The fat or muscle is destroyed and the body gains energy that it can use.

When people say to burn more than you consume, this is the idea. If you eat less and/or move around more, then you will require more energy than you consumed with food. This results in your body "eating itself" (typically thought of as "burning fat") in order to have enough energy to get by.

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That's not intentional.

Yeah. More and more planes are just getting rid of in-flight entertainment entirely and instead putting a cell phone/tablet tray on the seat*. Which seems the way to go for me

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That said: The people most likely to be idiots are likely also the ones who expected to watch the big bang theory for an eight hour flight and now are stuck reading the safety card.

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*: Which, considering how violently some folk recline, I will never use

Generally an engine will encounter issues with reciprocating weight and getting enough fuel and air before it starts seeing issues with reaching the speed of the flame front. Racing engines have different requirements than road engines that allow different construction methods to reach higher RPM.

They can use lighter and possibly more expensive internals. This is bad for road engines because they have a lower lifetime and are more expensive to fix, but fine for racing cause they rebuild engines often. There's also more advanced valves operated pneumatically or electrically that maximize their open duration and minimize the time it takes to open or close them. Again these are more expensive to maintain, which is fine for racing but bad for road vehicles.

ELI5 summary: throwing more money at specific engine components can increase redline, but doing so is bad for regular car engines due to maintenance costs and reliability

I'm not familiar with that particular engine, but an example of a road diesel engine that has a redline above 5k RPM is the Mercedes OM606. It has dual overhead cams and pistons with a larger bore than stroke, which isn't the norm for diesels.

That is a question so broad, you can fill multiple college classes with it.

On a (very) high level: Information is stored as a string of 0s and 1s, which is sent to the CPU, which then performs different actions on this string, like "add the value on position 1234 with the value on position 1212" or "write 10 to position 12345" or "repeat until the value in position 123 equals 0", etc.

These instructions come as a string of 0 and 1 as well, and once they are finished, the end product is then written back into memory or passed on to other parts of the computer, like display, external memory, WiFi connectors, ...

There are a lot of different factors that you could point to, and which could have further influenced each other.

• Reliance on pack animals instead of inventing the wheel; pack animals that were less efficient than the horse, ox, elephant, etc. of the Old World
• Reliance on wood and bone as tool materials instead of transitioning to iron
• Lack of written languages and the printing press to allow learning without a face-to-face teacher-pupil relationship
• Lack of widespread agriculture sufficient to support a scholarly class, universities, and monasteries
• Lack of a philosophical foundation that led to the concept of scientific laws to be identified and utilized
• Lack of a cross-continental conquest leading to a shared language that could be used across tribal boundaries for communication and trade
• Lack of feudalism/strongly hierarchical societies creating incentives to increase food and goods production as much beyond subsistence levels