Recent comments in /f/explainlikeimfive

Flair_Helper t1_j6p8x40 wrote

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Flair_Helper t1_j6p8w1x wrote

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Flair_Helper t1_j6p8urs wrote

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grumblingduke t1_j6p8ag4 wrote

Around 75% of all plant and mammal species were made extinct by the "K-Pg extinction event" that happened 66 million years ago. Very few large animal species (Wikipedia gives a maximum mass of 25kg) survived - some crocodiles and turtles being the exceptions.

While we tend to think of extinction events as being sudden and immediate (which they are on evolutionary or geological scales), the K-Pg extinction event is thought to have lasted anywhere from a few years to 10,000 years, before things stabilised (similar to the mass-extinction event the Earth is currently going through; hard to notice on a day-to-day basis or year-to-year, but definitely noticeable over thousands of years). A meteor didn't just crash and kill and the dinosaurs - a meteor crashed and caused massive, long-term changes to global climates and ecosystems that lasted thousands of years, and most large animal species didn't survive.

In terms of what happened, the main thing was anywhere up to 2 years of global darkness caused by all the dust and other matter thrown up into the sky by the initial crash. This would have killed off a huge chunk of plant life (which requires photosynthesis to live), as well as likely making things colder. Without plants, animals that lived off plants would gradually die off, and without them animals that lived off other animals would slowly die off - including the big super-predators and super-herbivores like the larger dinosaurs (who would have needed to eat a lot of stuff). Many individuals would survive for a while, maybe some generations, but over time the species wouldn't, as not enough would be around to maintain a stable population.

On top of that, you have a huge chunk of weird minerals and materials being thrown up into the atmosphere, to settle across the globe, some of which would be toxic to some animals and plants. There's also a good chance that some of these minerals settled into the oceans, significantly increasing the acidity of the oceans, making them uninhabitable for a lot of plants and animals, and generally messing up the world's water supply.

Things that survived were generally things with the ability to survive long periods without food (like crocodiles), things that lived off detritus (all the dead plant and animal matter caused by the destruction) like worms, snails and insects, and the smaller animals that lived off them (like the surviving birds and mammals).

And as the dust settled (both figuratively and literally) there was an explosion of diversity in life - with so many evolutionary niches now opened up, mammals in particular flourished, evolving in all sorts of new ways (including getting larger and smarter).

Some dinosaurs did survive. We just don't generally call them dinosaurs any more, but birds.

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tyler1128 t1_j6p842h wrote

That's actually quite interesting. I don't feel like I ever really learned about adjective order, or at least I don't remember it, but it's just intuition. "the brick brown big wall" to me seems to infer that brick brown is a color of the wall, and "the brick, brown big wall" seems like a weird way of saying the wall is of bricks and the bricks are brown, but I couldn't even give a inkling on why I feel that way.

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Biokabe t1_j6p7032 wrote

They don't.

Every single piece of food is unique. So no one knows exactly how much of anything is in anything.

They're pretty close though. They can control down to the gram level how much of anything is in any of their products, and they can usually be more accurate than that.

From there, they can look up the caloric contents of their ingredients and calculate roughly what the values are. And as with their food items, the exact caloric content of a particular ingredient isn't known, but we have a very good approximation for these things. It's not NASA accurate (you won't do the equivalent of hitting a small piece of moving rock with an even smaller chunk of metal from 23 million miles away), but it's accurate enough for you to figure out if you can have that third cookie and still hit your weight loss goals (you can't).

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albinogoth t1_j6p6xfp wrote

Think about when you’re riding in a car or train. If you’re not speeding up or braking suddenly, you can still throw a paper airplane as if you weren’t moving.

The air around earth is similar. It’s moving with the earth’s rotation and travel through space. That’s why it’s lucky space is virtually empty. If it weren’t, the air would blow away with anything else not tied down. Like riding in a convertible!

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Flair_Helper t1_j6p6qar wrote

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Any-Growth8158 t1_j6p6bla wrote

Stoke brokers generally match buyers to sellers, so normally you are buying someone else's shares. If there aren't enough shares for sale, then the price will go up until someone is willing to sell shares to meet the order. If you're trading a very large chunk of stocks you may decided to do it through a private market (e.g. dark pools).

During an IPO, the create new shares that the company sells to raise money. People are buying these shares from the company until there are no more shares and people start buying each other's shares again.

Another option for listing besides an IPO is a direct listing. Here new shares aren't created. The privates shares by the company investors and/or employees are now publicly tradable, and they trade like a normal stock transaction.

One reason people may choose to sell quickly for a lower price is taxes. If you have pre-ipo options (right to buy stock at a given price--this is commonly how stocks are offered to employees of a start-up company), then once you exercise those options (which you generally required to do if you don't want them to expire worthless) you have a taxable event. The taxes can be considerable. Your stocks may make you a paper millionaire, but you may have a six figure tax bill incoming. Unless you are a very high level executive (or investment bank) your shares likely have a 6 month or so lock up period during which you aren't allowed to sell your stocks (this is to allow the upper level people to make their money without the peons putting downwards pressure on the market by selling their stocks. These peons still have the tax bill, so when the lockout period expires you'll see a lot of selling of the stock as peons try and sell stocks to cover their tax obligations.

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