I don't know if your intestines require the 4th dimension, but mine are rather like a donut.

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Can this affect nlood alcohol levels?

Everyone has explained the gas and bloating. The second problem is diarrhea.

That's because you can't absorb lactose through the intestine. The molecule is too big and humans don't have specific transporters for it. This means you get a high amount of lactose in your bowels.

Physics tell us things always strive to go from a high to a low concentration, essentially diluting it. If the lactose can't move from your bowels into the bloodstream, it will instead drag lots of water from the blood into the intestines.

Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose which are types of sugar.

In addition to fermentation, if the amount of unabsorbed lactose in the gut is high enough it raises the osmotic pressure, attracting water into the bowels, so water flows in and this influx of water is what leads to diarrhea.

That's why for me if I eat like a meal with cream it just makes me gassy and my stool smell very sour, but if I drink like a glass of milk on an empty stomach I will have diarrhea within 30 minutes.

Genuine question: How about for cases that a law violates human rights? Alan Turing's case for example.

My continuous glucose meter gives me a better reading with lactose free rather than regular dairy products, so that does for me, and both my GP and Diabetic specialist nurse are happy, win win for me, I'm not going to over analyse it.

I think the most interesting thing about circuit boards is that they're "printed" circuit boards. The pattern that will eventually be etched into the copper foil is created using a light-sensitive film. This video shows it step-by-step

Complex electronics have many layers. They print and etch a layer, glue on another layer of fiberglass, copper, and photoresist, and print the next trace layer. The final layers of solder-mask and symbols or letters are silk-screen printed - almost exactly like t-shirts.

You do realize "lactose free" just means the manufacturer has added lactase to the product so it's been predigested for you? It still has the same amount of sugar as you would normally get.

Common sense dictates to have laws

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It is having an ingrained belief that is challenged by reality or an experience but still cannot be changed - as in, your brain cannot overwrite what it thinks it “knows” no matter what is presented to you, so you reject or twist new information to make it make sense in your reality.

So like everyone else is on reality 2.0, but your brain stays in beta, rejecting crucial updates.

They aren't in prison because they were wrong; they are in prison because they broke the rules of society. There's an important distinction there. Their sentence wouldn't change.

That said, in many cases, they could ask for a pardon, and it may be successful

Thats the reason why law Is stupid. Common sense is much smarter than law.

I'm glad that wasn't attempted by the umpa lumpa

Only because the idea didn't occur to him, I'm sure.

In general, society’s approach is that if you broke the law at the time, you’re a criminal, and future law changes don’t change that. So you would stay in prison.

I’m not sure there are too many real-world examples of that, but there definitely are examples of people not in prison but with a criminal record for something that’s no longer illegal. An example that jumps to mind is that it took until 2017 for gay men in the UK to be given the right to apply for a pardon if they had been convicted when homosexuality was illegal. Note apply for a pardon - it’s not automatic.

None of them were actually in prison, but many felt that having the conviction on their record was still a blight on their life.

This is a relatively unusual case because there was so much political and societal shame about the way gay men were treated and the unjustness of the law. That’s not the case with all or even most changes to laws, and I can’t think of another similar example.

Lots of common bacteria can make lactase. If you don't break up and absorb the lactose before it reaches the bacteria in your large intestine, they'll consume it for energy and produce carbon dioxide gas in the process. Fermenting a little lactose makes a big volume of carbon dioxide, which pushes on your guts in painful and inconvenient ways.

How many construction companies are there?

In theory you are correct - there is more potential power available in a decent set of rim brakes than a hub mounted disc brake due to the longer braking track providing more friction and more mass for cooling.

This is why Maguras hydraulic rim brakes were so popular in the late 90's and early 2000's - disc brake technology hasn't really matured at that point, and hydraulic rim brakes gave advantages in modulation and power over cable actuated v brakes.

I more recent years mountain bikes have switched over almost entirely to disc brakes (either cable or hydraulic), and road cycling is starting to convert because while rim brakes have some advantages in theory, in practise these advantages are very small and unnecessary, and the hub mounted disc format provides some other big benefits.

In terms of raw power, it just isn't necessary in most cases. Even a fairly basic v type cable rim brake can lock a wheel completely solid with little effort, so what we are looking for is modulation and control - the ability to fine tune how hard the brakes are applied, which hydraulic systems give better control over (as the fluids won't compress as you pull the lever, while cables can stretch).

Looking at the components themselves, a solid disc means the pads push against something completely solid and incompressible, while a wheel rim means they are pushing against a hollow section which can flex under pressure. Similarly the disc brakes caliper is one solid piece, while a rim brake has arms mounted to opposing fork legs or seat stays which have some ability to flex.

And then there are the big practical benefits that are nothing to do with stopping power - moving the disc away from the rim gives you far, far greater mud clearance, and stops your brakes becoming useless after one muddy puddle. The same also means that slight damage to a rim will no longer jam a brake (and the brake is much better protected from damage itself). Separately you also gain the ability to design rims without any need for a braking track - so mountain bike rims can be made stronger, and road rims can be made more aerodynamic, and without any worry or concern over having to form a braking track in carbon fibre (which generally sucks).

So while there are some theoretical benefits to run brakes, they are vastly offset by the very real benefits of discs in most use cases. They have all of the power and modulation we need (noting that a lot of riders even use smaller 160-180mm rotors over the 200mm+ of the big gravity riders), with other benefits thrown in.

Ever see something wired up with electrical wires and there is just bundles of crazy wires all jammed in together and you wonder how you would even know what each of those wires even does? A circuit board is just a way to connect all those tiny components with tiny little electrical connections. The real magic is how they create them to efficiently utilize the least amount of space. Like packing a ton of stuff in a little suitcase. Imagine you had an electronic that had dozens of little electrical components to connect together. If you start using wires it quickly becomes a mess no matter what you do. Those little circuit boards can connect all the little parts with little space, and better than that they can basically be printed out with machines and cut to shape and heated up and all the little chips just get shoved into their tiny holes and get soldered into place. You can wire tons of stuff together in a tiny space just by making it small enough and finding the most efficient way to connect them together that uses the least amount of space or fits a shape that the circuit board needs to fit into.

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Like a Klein bottle!

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