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It’s worth noting that some hybrids will use the engine to break if the battery is full or you want more braking power than the battery can absorb, before engaging the actual breaks. This works as you get some breaking power from engaging the engine without giving it any fuel. - using mechanical force to compress the air in the cylinders. Obviously this does not work in a full electric that lacks an engine.

One additional point with noting is that there is a limit to how much energy you can capture during regen - you fairly quickly reach a point where you're putting too much power back into the battery, which risks overheating the batteries and causing damage. It's no different to having a maximum charge rate when you plug the car into a charger. Heavy regen can also cause stability issues, especially on rear wheel drive vehicles - you can't only brake the rear axle without destabilising the car, so the front also has to be braked using the normal brakes.

On most cars, that limit is in the range of a braking rate of around 0.3G to 0.4G. For that reason, brake blending (using both regen and normal brakes) has to be done. Although 0.4G braking is well within most normal braking events, cars will actually be able to brake at a minimum of 0.9G, and some will be able to go up over 1.2G.

Recent battery technology has improved to the point where it's not so much of a concern. As recently as 5 years ago, the max brake rate you could capture regen from was around 0.2G.

A great example of this contrast is the Corvette. Look up a video of the new 2023 C8 Z06 and then compare the sound it makes with any other corvette ever made. The C8 Z06 has a flat plane crank V8 for the first time ever and it sounds like a Ferrari.

thanks!

DOS did everything you'd expect an OS to do in the consumer space. It wasn't supposed to compete with the commercial space.

If you want to go full UNIX, I definitely don't think you can call Windows a "real" OS, either. And I mean until the late 2000s.

Did you mean mountain bikes? Or why would a bmx bike be in the mud?

It is partly due to the internal design of the engine. The cylinder firing order has an effect. A lot of the sound is down to the design of the exhaust system.

Vehicle manufacturers will tune the exhaust system to get the sound they want. The sound from the exhaust system is affected by the length of the pipes and the amount and design of the silencers (mufflers).

American muscle cars don't rev as highly as European supercars which also has an effect on the sound. Lower revs results in a lower pitched sound.

The absolute most basic thing to understand is that conductors(wires) experiencing a change in magnetic field concentration, will have a voltage induced in them.

In a generator, this is achieved by spinning magnets past coils.

This goes the other way as well; applying a voltage to a conductor will create a force between it any nearby magnetic field.

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The idea behind single pedal driving is that the Accel pedal also operates as the brake pedal. So if you put your foot down it accelerates the car, and when you lift it up it slows the car down. In an EV, it uses a combination of regen and normal (foundation) brakes to do it. The system is typically called brake blending or regen blending.

How does thsi relate to single pedal driving? Any time a reviewer mentions it they somehow relate it to regenerative braking for some reason

Feel free to ask more questions. I work in a highly related area.

Thank you, chatgpt.

Ty! You elaborated on some bits I was still partially confused on from the other comment

Ty! That helped quite a bit

Motors and electric generators are the same thing. If you apply power then it's a motor. If you spin it up without giving it power then it becomes a generator.

So in an electric car (EV), when you slow down the momentum of the car is used to spin the motor(s) to generate electricity, which is then used to charge the batteries. Because you're converting energy (the vehicle kinetic energy into electrical energy) it has the effect of slowing the car down. Depending on the use case, you can increase range by about 20% by doing this.

There are situations where regen isn't used - emergency stops and when the battery is full. In those cases the normal brakes are used.

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Odd, when you consider other (ie, mainframe) OSes had no problems with printers. Printer tech was already marching forward even before the PC revolution started because of the massive use mainframes made of printers.

Yes, I know. I lived through that.

At one time I was writing assembler for four bit microcontrollers.

My first computer had 4K of RAM, and 8K of ROM and cassette tape storage.

My smart watch has millions of times more flash/rom.

Yeah, I lived through the early "plug and pray" days.

And for some damn reason, printers seem to still be stuck in that age. My most upvoted post on ELI5 yet was me expounding upon the sorry state of the printing subsystem in Windows.

>DOS was barely an operating system, in the true sense

Everything you said is correct, but perhaps you're underplaying just how limited the hardware was in the DOS days. DOS, and its forerunner CPM, were squeezed down into (sometimes) as little as 4 or 8 thousand bytes of RAM, plus about that much ROM (not kilobytes. ANd what's a megabyte?).

PS before I start a flame war: CPM was the conceptual forerunner of QDos, which was the actual code forerunner of MS Dos.

PPS before my PS starts a flame war:QDOS

Unix and other real operating systems existed at the time.

DOS was basically just a fancy bootloader, a thin layer above the bios, with very basic filing system (early versions of DOS/FAT didn't even support directories!)

No processes or threads, no memory management, no separation of OS vs user space, almost no device drivers, no semaphores or locking, no network, no logging.

Just a single character based console.

>mostly just worked