It does not, but plants on their own breathe too. They produce more oxygen that they need, but photosynthesis happens not in the same organella that breathing does, so there is some travelling oxygen has to make before it may be used in breathing.

Yes. but superchargers are less efficient since they rob power from the crankshaft of the engine.

One thing that annoys me about the rise of agrocorp is how the deck is stacked against existing farmers.

We know that tiered taxation systems are generally a good thing, where individuals who earn more pay progressively higher percentages in tax. They still take home more money overall by earning more, but it shifts the burden of income tax away from those who have the least.

This doesn't happen for corporations. The mom and pop farm managing 2 hectares is paying the same tax rate as HappyValleyAgroCorp which manages 100000 hectares spread across the country.

But it gets worse. Mom and pop either have old inefficient equipment they've inherited, or have to rent in equipment when needed, cause they can't afford to drop $500k on a new tractor that will get used for 50 days a year. So they're paying more for their equipment than HappyValleyAgroCorp which has their own fleet of gear that's in constant use.

Mom and pop are stuck paying whatever price the local farmer supply store charges for feed and fertiliser. HappyValleyAgroCorp is buying so much that they can negotiate heavily with suppliers and ship stuff in from across the country.

Mom and pop will struggle to access any subsidies that might be available, either having to jump through hoops or simply not knowing about them. HappyValleyAgroCorp's got a lawyer on retainer who goes golfing with the subsidy administrator.

Mom and pop are stuck taking whatever price HappyValleyGroceryCorp offers them for their produce. HappyValleyAgroCorp is pumping out so much produce for cheaper costs that they can undercut mom and pop into the ground, and negotiate higher wholesale rates by threatening to disrupt HappyValleyGroceryCorp's supply chains. But they hash it out over their weekly golf round, and the only ones that get hurt are mom and pop and us buying groceries.

And so mom and pop are stuck working for very little their entire lives, until they die, and their kids are left with a tiny farm that brings in very little, and forced to choose between slaving away like mom and pop did, or sell off the land to HappyValleyAgroCorp who's willing to step in with "quite a reasonable offer really for this tiny plot, in cash, cause we know in this difficult time you don't want to be wasting time dealing with this. It's what mom and pop would have wanted, that the land continues to be farmed."

And 40 years later, we still think of farmers as mom and pop but really it's 3 or 4 mega corps owning the entire thing.

Considering that the time difference is the basis for knowing your longitude, navigators knew it a long time.

The average person in a village on the other hand, well there are people who have difficulty wrapping their heads around time zones today.

Fair enough

These rates change over the years, but interest rates change with them. So if your bank gives 4% interest on savings, their loans probably have an interest >6-7%. Still, the 0,01% are a rather extreme example.

Think of steel as a mud pie. The iron is the dirt and the carbon is the water. Too much dirt and it won’t clump together, too much water and it will fall apart but if you can get the mixture just right it will be able hold its shape much much better than either of the other two scenarios

Edit: it will be easier to fall apart on either side without the precise ratio

Rule 4: “Explain for laypeople (but not actual 5 year olds)”

I think the explanation absolutely works.

Let's start with a die (as in dice). It's a cube with four corners and 6 faces with dots. Even if we made a blank die, we still have the 4 corners and 6 faces.

Iron, or ferrite, has a crystalline structure just like this blank die, with one atom at each corner forming a cube. Since it's also hollow inside that cube, there's one more packed in atom. This is called a body centered cube.

Now I take that die and I heat it up until it's white hot in a fire and the energy moves things around and the little atom in the middle pops out when the cube expands and vibrates. Now it settles back on the face of the cube making a die with just one dot on one face. This is austenite, and the structure is face centric now.

We can pack one atom on each face making dice with all one faces, which is awesome! With all of those atoms, the inside of the cube is too small for another iron so it's empty for the moment. When I toss that dice back into the fire though, a smaller carbon atom is able to slip in past the one dot faces and fill the center. Now we have an alloy of iron and carbon.

If threw a dense box of iron dice all neatly packed into the fire, the whole thing can heat up and change from ferrite (body centric) to austenite (face centric) but the carbon can only penetrate so far into the box because it has to move from one die center to another. This is basically "carburizing" a steel billet. If we fill every single die with carbon, the box will be too full and break open, so there's a sweet spot of how much carbon we want.

The way we made steel for a long time was to blow hot air into "the box" of molten dice and introduce lots of carbon into the iron, making "pig iron." Then the pigs were remelted without carbon present, ejecting lots of carbon as the cubes opened up aiming for some percentage of carbon between 1 and 3%.

There's is absolutely a difference between all of the percentages. I think of them as low carbon (mild) steel, high carbon, and cast; but this is a huge oversimplification. Cast alone has ductile, white, and grey varieties each with different properties. High carbon could be 0, A, W, D, white/blue/hitachi varieties again with different properties. Low carbon steel could be wrought or mild. Wrought iron has lots of silica in it as a flux agent and is no longer really made, but is desirable for it's properties to the right person.

As for ductility, no pressure on knowing that term specifically. I know you understand the concepts. In my mind, you could think of ductility as the ability to stretch without tearing like pizza dough, you want a really glutenous dough to make a big pizza. Malleability is a quality referring to bendyness, spaghetti is not malleable until it's cooked and then it's very malleable. Also, machinability is the ability to cut it down cleanly, room temp kerrygold butter has supreme machinability, ice has no machinability. Weldability is another quality, a gummy bear can have it's head reattached with a lick, but you can't put a sliced apple together again.

As an aspiring metalworker who forges, smelts, machines, and welds... I think about this stuff a lot.

No you would buy a call at a lower strike if it's going down but you think it will go up again soon. But trading calls puts is more complicated than just that. Generally speaking though, if you think the underlying will rise less than the interest rate, buy puts, if it will rise more, buy calls.

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if you put them on a line of increasing carbon content, they actually overlap. you'd have elemental iron on the left, then wrought iron, and then partway up wrought iron you'd also have steel. and then just steel for a while, and then overlaps with cast iron.

wrought iron is distinct from low carbon steel due to the inclusion of slag in wrought iron. wrought iron is a very crude alloy. that gives it some properties different from low carbon steel, but its real virtue is how comparatively cheap it is to make. not having to worry as much about the impurities means less processing.

the difference between very high carbon steels and cast iron is a bit harder to explain, but has to do with how the carbon is tied up with the iron. cast iron has free carbon in it where steel doesn't.

as for "why is the naming convention so screwed up?" we discovered them out of order. cast iron is just barely iron in a meaningful sense, wrought iron is early man's best attempt at purifying iron completely. landing on the sweet spot in between is really hard, in no small part because while you're trying to make the steel behave, it's trying to rust and also set everything on fire.

Not ELI5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGHD78uIMdI

It's mostly the gas pressure, and is only mildly influenced by temperature.

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Naturally Aspirated engine = no turbos/superchargers.

Forced Induction = turbos/superchargers

And in case anyone wonders how ICE cars make power, the engine makes boom booms so car goes zoom zoom.

While we only have 5 ‘tastes’, smell is also a major component of how we experience food, and this is what creates ‘flavour’. It is detected through the olfactory glands in the nose through the nasal cavity inside the mouth. Without a sense of smell onion tastes almost identical to apple.

First, be careful with your Lorentz factor (γ). You are missing a sign on an exponent there, which is pretty critical in this case. We usually write

γ = ( 1 - ( v / c )^2 )^**-**1/2

and so γ diverges in the limit where v->c, and then you can see that the Lorentz transformations are not defined at v=c. But we shouldn't get too hung up on this, as this doesn't really address your real question:

>I would suggest that that's a limitation of the formulation, not necessarily a reflection of reality.

And to do that, we should step back from the math for a second and think carefully about applicability. Even if we have a quantitative description of a phenomena that gives a real, non-divergent answer we must be very careful that it is actually applicable to a given situation so as not to over-extend a model. Not all answers given by an equation are correct: sometimes we're just doing math and not physics.

In this case, we build a Lorentz transform by comparing two valid inertial reference frames. One of the postulates we use to construct one such frame is that the speed of light is invariant for all observers in any frame, which leads to the Lorentz transformations. However, if we try to construct such a frame at v=c we encounter a paradox: light moving parallel to this frame must be moving at c and also must be stationary in the frame. This cannot be, so we cannot construct the frame and without the frame the Lorentz transformations are meaningless (and also undefined as the Lorentz factor is undefined at v=c).

As such, in this case, it is quite the opposite: that the Lorentz factor is undefined at c is not an artifact of the mathematics, but a reflection of something fundamental to relativity.

Probably prehistory? If you see a big ball above your head starting on one side of the horizon and ending at the other side you can join the dots. If you climb a mountain at twilight you can see some places are lit up and some aren't.

Theologies at the time will have been very dependent on the passing heavenly bodies. Survival was very dependent on keeping the mind occupied, but the body at rest. Looking up and wondering was very important.

Steel is made from iron. Iron ore is heated in a blast furnace to remove it’s naturally occurring oxygen, coal is added to supply the carbon.

Iron - oxygen + carbon = steel

Here's a summary of the Greeks which can give you a brief overview of what the formula involves, just to give you an idea of what factors can influence the option price. But another factor that contributes to the value of the option is demand and implied volatility (IV). The more that people want to buy (increased demand), the more the IV also goes up, and vice versa. Higher interest rates also increase the price of call options and vice versa - something to do with holding cash (this is one of the Greeks, called Rho).

If the expiry date comes ("maturity") and the call/put was correct, your options are considered to be "in the money". However, options are only contracts that allow you to buy give the holder the right to buy 100 shares of a company at the strike price. So at maturity, the contract is yours and you can choose to exercise (execute) it to buy 100 stocks from the company, exercise it partially, or not exercise it at all. This depends on how much money you have in your account and also how your broker handles options at maturity. Some brokers will automatically exercise the options but give you the difference in cash.

In regards to exercising options, you can do it at any point before maturity as well, since the contract is yours.

It says that companies try to keep it to a minimum. But surplus means "more than needed".

So companies stock more than needed. In part to compensate for demand fluctuation, in part to optimize procurement costs, in part to provide the customer with a pleasing visual experience.

Sadly, to sell 10 apples we currently "need" a stock of 13.

Then, i'm not your mom, nor your boss. You are free to have your own opinion on procurement strategies of grocers. Not every retailer works the same way, some are more virtuos than others.

But as a matter of fact the western world wastes about 1/3 of its food pipeline.

I am telling that this is not due to incompetence of supply planners, but due to deliberate planning. We accept an inefficiency there for a positive outcome in another point of the chain.

Should you disagree with my opinion, you are welcome to. I will believe you to be naive in thinking that losses of this magnitude are not accounted for accurately, but I will respect your position.

remember, there was no telly or movies or anything at this time. this sort of knowledge would have been carried by everyone in the tribe. this is the sort of thing they could have devoted time to every single day.

If I were...idk, co-ordinating the use of assets stationed in Germany to bomb targets in Pakistan from an office in Virginia, I might have the whole operation on Zulu, sure.