Hives, or Urticaria, are caused by your body's immune system when it doesn't like something. So like once in a while your body is super dumb and it decided to over react to something that normally is just fine, these reactions are called hypersensitivity reactions or more commonly allergic or anaphylactic reactions. Hives are part of this. Along with the T-Cells and B-Cells your body uses Histamine to help combat intruders. Histamines are one of the chemicals that causes swelling in your body aka the bodies inflammation response. When you have one of these over-reactions, your body starts pumping these out like crazy cause again your body is dumb. When histamines hit their receptors it triggers that swelling response. This can be really bad like when it affects the airways but when they trigger in the capillary beds, it causes them to dilate and allow fluids to seep into the surround tissue giving you those welts. That's the main player but there is a lot of other stuff that helps by changing the permeability of cell walls etc but Histamines are your main culprit.

Except for corvids and elephants

Everyone is talking to each other , qb is calling out any changes , linemen are calling out blocking assignments, rb will step forward to hear or say something to qb if he sees something

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I freaking love his backyard competition series. Phat gus ftw.

If I had that many glasses of water in an evening, I'm either really dehydrated or looking for the bathroom.

If only someone wrote a song about that...

This is so far from an ELI5 answer.

Thanks, I hate it.

Thank you, this makes a lot of sense! This is ringing some bells to me, suspect I did learn this back in class many (many) moons ago.

So why does it become less focused when you're, let's say in a room and squinting at a PC screen?

So out of volcanoes comes lava and lava pretty much destroys everything we have to touch it with. I know you said dormant, digging deep enough gets you to a bunch of lava which is the limiting factor.

From what I’ve seen/heard so far, most folks if they don’t know the party on the other end will start fairly slow, and each response will be a little faster than the previous until one party or the other stops accelerating, or there is interference and they have to request a retransmission. But if they know each other, they’ll just start at whatever speed they are mutually comfortable at.

There are also a whole pile of three letter shorthands called Q-Codes. They act as meta or control instructions, and speed adjustments are one of the universal uses. They function in both a question and statement mode, and often have madlibs style fill in the blanks. Eg:

QRQ? Shall I go faster? QRQ40 Go faster, up to 40 words per minute.

QRS20 Go Slower, 20 words per minute max

QOD12? Can you communicate in English or French? QOD073 I can communicate in Dutch, Norwegian, or German.

QRE KRST? What is your estimated time of arrival at/over KRST? QRE KRST 0945 I will arrive at/over Rochester Intl. Airport at 9:45a UTC

There’s a pretty thorough list in Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_code

It is said that certain very old violins (and some other string instruments, but the violins are more famous, and hence more expensive) are better than anything we can produce today, either because the materials (very particular kinds of wood) are no longer available or reverence for a particular craftsman (especially Stradivarius). These old violins are in fixed supply and so have their prices driven up by the large number of collectors and virtuosos who want to own/use one.

Other instruments are generally not affected by the same beliefs, so a top-notch piano made yesterday is considered as good as, if not better, than every other piano. This means that supply can keep up with demand, and prices are in the ballpark of what it takes to produce the instrument. Organs are a bit of a weird case, as many of them are built into large and famous buildings. They're probably left off these lists of expensive instruments because there's no feasible way to "buy" them. If somehow you could, some organs would likely cost more than a Stradivarius violin.

At the line, the QB is calling out the defensive positioning a lot of time (so the rest of his team knows what defense is being run), as well as distracting the defense on when they are going to snap the ball

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As others have said even though the bulls don't see red it's also red because it's a lot easier and more exciting for the crowd to see than other colors (like beige) edit clarity

Do you mean extinct volcanoes? Because we would be digging into magma if we started working on the dormant ones.

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The smaller the opening, the less the shape of the lens plays a role. This is the same as using a pinhole camera instead of a lens to focus a photograph. This is also why bad eyesight is less of an issue when there's plenty of light, as then as a matter of speaking your iris is doing the squinting.

I didn't realise the muscles around the eyes would be strong enough to squidge the eyes slightly into a different shape. Kind of icky but interesting to know! That all makes a lot of sense, thanks!

I did not but ill definitely be ordering it now

Also they use the color red to hide the blood

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They aren't. Bulls can't actually see the color red. They have a form of color blindness that doesn't let them see that color. They get aggressive toward the waving and flapping motions of the cape and yelling. But the cape could be any color. Red is chosen because you don't see the blood of the bull. They get angrier and angrier in bull fights because the matador is actually stabbing them with a sword when the bull runs by them.