Asking why fictional things aren't real is not a complex topic to be explained. The answer is simple and obvious.

Why can't we build space ships like Star Trek? Because we don't know how. Why don't we build robots like I, Robot? Because we don't know how. Why don't we have cyberware like in Cyberpunk: Edgerunners? Because we don't know how.

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Modern jousting has a point system.

• 1 point if you touch the shoulder piece of your opponent.
• 3 points if you hit their shoulder piece with enough force to break your lance.
• 5 points if you strike them with enough force to unhorse them.

This year at the Ohio Renaissance festival I did not see a single participant unhorsed, but these are friends. But there are no points if you hit them anywhere other than the shoulder piece designed to take a blow, even if you break a lance or unhorse them.

Anaerobic metabolism means without free oxygen. Iirc the oxygen atom is vital to both forms of metabolism. You can't make glucose, pyruvate or hell even DNA without oxygen.

It's a plethora of reasons.

First: The people at the back want to see what's on the front, so they push forward. The pushed people unintentionally push the people in front of them, and before you know it, you have a whole crowd that turns into human liquid. The more in front you are, the worst is going to be. Imagine it like a wave where the bit that touches the shore is the first one to curl and break, and the rest crashes on top.

Second: The people at the front are trying to back up from what's on the front, so they push the people behind them with their backs. This type of crowd surge is usually the easiest to trip in and fall backwards. If you fall, the chances for survival are very slim. Anything from asphyxia to broken bones piercing your organs can easily kill you.

Third: There are lots of assholes, or people that think they know better. If you start pushing forward, and the people in front yell at you to stop, STOP! Listen to them. It's not funny, the crowd isn't there just for you, you wouldn't like someone to do that to you, and if you keep pushing, you will be complicit in killing people. Granted, you're not pushing in order to kill them on purpose, but your actions will certainly end the lives of many others.

Fourth: People are so tightly cramped that their lungs become unable to expand properly, which usually leads to shallow breaths that inevitably result in people getting passing out, or getting completely asphyxiated. If your four corners are touching someone else, you're already in danger. Always make sure to have at least one corner free of people.

Fifth: People trying to go against the push of the wave. If there's a wave, the best thng you could do is allow it to take you, and DO NOT FIGHT IT. A lot of people in their justified desperation try to turn around, and fight the massive horde of liquid people coming at them with full force. You're not going to win against thousands of pounds pushing against you. Think of it like a Tsunami, and someone trying to stop the insane amount of pressure coming at them. People will accidentally knock you down, knock you out, or get you cramped against somebody, or someone else.

Sixth: Lack of crowd control from the event organizers. This is laziness and negligence on their part. A lot of disasters could be avoided if the guys in charge controlled the flow of people, and prepared for bigger crowds.

Seventh: Pray to whoever you pray to that there isn't a wall at the end of the wave. The wall is ALWAYS going to win. People are getting absolutely crushed, and the wall won't budge. Broken bones piercing organs, asphyxiation, and getting knocked out are the most common ways to go here.

Here's a great comment from years ago explaining in great detail how it happens. Please give it a read if you want know more, but be forewarned that it might be a little too intense for some.

> The general trend today is people moving to large cities from the countryside and smaller cities.

Suburbs. People like the suburbs..

Young people and immigrants move to cities to make their careers, then get the hell out when they're established. Covid didn't help, and the ability to work from home in more jobs certainly didn't help.

You ever get stuck in traffic? You step on the brake, right? What would happen if you didn't? You'd tap the guy in front of you, who might hit the brake, or might hit the gas and hit someone else, or might hit the brake and still hit someone else. That's how you get a 4 car pileup in dead stop traffic.

When you're in a human crowd, though, you can bump and push people in all directions. And they'll move, too. And all of a sudden, people are just pushing forwards to escape the pushing behind them

not at all true. the 289 in my 65 mercury would hit 9k no problem. and that car was from 1965. the biggest problem at that rpm is valve float. the biggest benefit ohc engines is better variable valve timing. its easier to independently control intake and exhaust timing with ohc engines. and it couldve been done with no cam if freevalve had taken off earlier. that couldve pushed ICE engines another decade if they got it out the door sooner.

I just watched a trial at arms with a jousting match yesterday.

Yes, it can be dangerous. But far less than movies show. They wear specialized armor (wealthy knights owned parade armor, jousting armor, and battle armor). Weapons were not the same as they used in battle: not so sharp, lances of softer wood without metal tips, etc.

Another thing that is different from movies is that swords used by knights were not nearly as sharp as you think. If you and your opponent were wearing plate armor, the goal was to knock them over and then use the sharp tip to slide between plates (or use a dagger instead of the sword). That's why hammers, flails, maces, and axes were popular weapons. Not as aristocratic as a sword, but the blunt weapon with a larger contact area had a better chance of unbalancing an armored opponent and hurting them from impact damage.

Knights were at least in theory soldiers. Most of the activities in a tournament were part of their training routines. They participated because they gained status and were able to show off their prowess, and they were doing most of the same things as regular drills anyway.

eta: The typical format does not start with knights jousting at each other. In the skills course before the ORF jousts, for example, one challenge is to hit a shield on a stand with a sandbag as a counterweight. Miss the shield or ride too slow and get hit by the sandbag, and you get no points. The next challenge is to hit a small round target that is approximately the size of the tip of a lance hard enough to make it spin. If a rider misses these two challenges, they will not have enough points to advance to facing a live opponent. Warm-up games would weed out people unable to control their horse and hit a target, making sure those who did get to joust were prepared at least to a degree.

At the equinox, the angle of the rising sun towards the north on the north pole will be accompanied by an angle of the setting sun to the south. This is also true if you are at the equator.

However, the sun will appear to be lower in the sky the closer you get to the poles. So you might say that the sun is moving slower, as its curve on the sky appears to be shorter.

In reality, your own rotation speed decreases when you get closer to the poles. If you are stationed 1 meter from the geographical north pole, then during the 12h equinox sun period, the earth rotation will have moved you approximately 3 (pi) meters. If you are stationed at the equator, the rotation will have moved you half of the earth's circumference, i.e. approximately 20,000,000 meters.

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Yes. And yet it is tolerated in the medical profession for cultural reasons. The medical profession is a culture and although medicine is based in science, just like any culture there are customs, habits, and practices that are not necessarily grounded in scientific fact but exist for other reasons such as profit, tradition, formality, or even ego/machismo. Medical residents are used as almost indentured servants for hospitals under the auspices of "learning a lot in a short period of time" and the profession accepts that residents will work ungodly hours on insufficient sleep because, well, that's just how its always been done (cultural reason) and it is also treated as a rite of passage into an elite profession... I hesitate to say hazing but that term also comes to mind.

There has been pushback and efforts to reform this culture of overwork in recent years due to the recognition that less sleep = more mistakes = worse patient care, but by and large residents, and even many career hospitalists, are still used and abused as if the research on sleep deficit isn't clear and established. Hospitals have a profit motive to keep fewer doctors on staff, and the medical profession also strictly regulates the number of medical schools and their graduation output so as to limit the amount of practitioners to a certain amount... this is done to maintain scarcity (and therefore high salaries).

Ironically, limiting the number of practicing doctors to limit competition has opened doctors up to competition from nurse practitioners and other "mid level" providers who are succesfully lobbying states to allow them to independently practice with nearly the same responsibilities as doctors. The lobbying efforts are succesful because the lobbyists can point to "shortages" of doctors and also argue that nurse practitioners can do essentially the same job for cheaper --thus increasing access to health care and lowering the cost of care. (The fact is that nurse practitioners are not as educated or as competent as doctors, and the rapid expansion of NP schools has resulted in many new NPs with worse academic backgrounds than in previous decades, but their lobbying efforts are nevertheless effective)

Similar things have been happening in Salem, MA for over a month. The streets are just too narrow to handle a crowd of 100,000 people each day, not to mention vehicle traffic (which the town has been actively discouraging by closing streets and asking people to use mass transit).

There was also the Traviswold thing that happened a few months back. The concert venue was oversold and overcrowded, and people got suffocated & trampled.

You claimed that's a myth when there are clear historical examples.

But I've added qualifier to my original statement to make it clear that not all of them were like that.

In theory, and dependant on the tissue involved, repeated trauma has a possibility of giving rise to cancer. The skin is not generally one of these tissues.

The way skin forms is kinda special. It's an epithelial tissue, meaning it's designed to rubbed, bumped, and slid against. The inside of your mouth is epithelial tissue, as are other parts of the digestive system and reproductions system. Even the lining of your urethra is epithelial cells. They're used to the constant minor abuses and have evolved accordingly.

So what's special about it? All your skin is formed in deep tissue called the dermis, by epithelial cells caked basal cells. Think "basal" like "basement," as they are the bottom layer of your skin. Their entire job is to replicate and push more skin cells upward. Those new cells eventually die off as they move upward and become what you know of as your skin. Problems with basal cells are most often caused by radiation damage - like prolonged and repeat exposure to UV - because they replicate so often and so quickly, not from repeat trauma.

Now, if you're cutting the exact same spot on your skin for, like, years? Constantly? Yeah, that's probably not great. But microtears in muscular and epithelial tissue isn't the end of the world. They're used to that, and they're designed to cope.

Edit: I focused on skin, because that's usually what you mean by cuts and scrapes. If you've been frequently cutting into muscle tissue, I'm worried about you for reasons beyond cancer.

On a smaller scale, but Indianapolis’ airport went through a similar transformation with their new terminal. It’s a medium sized airport with just one terminal but they built a new one in 2008 and tore down the old. I was on one of the first flights to come in to the new terminal, can’t remember if it was on the actual first day of operation or not. The old terminal felt like you were walking through an average high school building, nothing pleasant at all about being there. The new one is all about windows and open space and was also the first terminal fully designed and built after 9/11. It only has ~40 gates so it doesn’t have to deal with the massive operations or hub functions of other airports, but it still at the top of rankings for medium sized airports even 14 years later is by far my favorite airport to fly through.

Only bad experience I have ever had there was when I made the mistake of flying Allegiant. We got in and got off the plane, waited for luggage and it never came. Some people went to the Allegiant desk to ask what was going on eventually and found no one there. Turns out all of Allegiant’s staff left for the day and no one ever got the luggage off the plane. 🤣 Much funnier looking back.

Categorical data are data that track a characteristic in which people are put into non-quantifiable, mutually-exclusive categories.

If I want to measure if you're from New York, you either are or you aren't. You can't be 0.7 New Yorks. Everyone exists in one of two categories, from New York and not from New York.

We can split categorical data into two subtypes, ordinal (order matters) and nominal (order doesn't matter). The "from New York/not from New York" is an example of nominal data. If I wanted to put people into categories based on their income (e.g., $0-$10000, $10001-$20000, etc.) it would be ordinal. The information being tracked is still not quantitative (we're just tracking your membership in a category), but there is an order to the categories.

The terms "polynomial" and "binomial" do not make sense to use in the context of categorical data. It sounds like you may just be using them to refer to nominal data that track 2 categories vs. more than 2 categories. The former is often referred to as a "binary variable" because it has two states (e.g., "In New York" and "Not in New York").

Ripple effects. It just takes a little bit of panic in one spot and people try to leave +trying to make more space and than it spreads out in every direction like throwing a stone in water. That leads to other points of too little space and therefor panic. So it just spirals out of control. There is also confusion and panic why some people trying to get away.

If everyone was rational, everyone would take their arms down. Take as little space as possible and try not to move anywhere. and it would be over in 10 sec.

The people at the back can't see what is going on at the front - This causes more and more people to join. It increases the density of the crowd which forces more weight onto the people at the front.

This weight is what crushes you - It squeezes the oxygen from your lungs and makes it incredibly difficult to breath.

The GM LS-family of engines is exceptional, and they use pushrods. It was an attempt to see how much modern design could keep pushrods relevant, and the results were good enough to continue pushrods for quite a while.

The main benefit is they cost less than OHC, especially if you are only using 2-valves per cylinder. They also allow a shorter engine, but that's only a benefit for something like a Corvette, while millions of SUV's from GM didn't care if a pushrod engine was an inch shorter.

I would go so far as to say that if you are adding a turbo or a supercharger, you only need 2-valves per cylinder. For naturally aspirated, OHC and four valves per cylinder seem to be dominant, so there must be a benefit to that.

A " birthrate has declined by 20%" do not mean there is not an increase in population, if it was high enough to begin with you can still have an increase it is just slower.

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Even if you have a birth rate that over a long time would result in a stable population it can still increase. Let say it would end with 10 000 births and 10 000 deaths per year. The population is 10 000 x average lifespan, so if the life expectancy increases the population can grow even if the birth rate is constant.

The average human lifespan on earth during the 20th century increased from 48 to 74 years for men, and from 51 to almost 80 years for women. that is close to 35% increase for both. That is a major part of the population increase on the earth

But there is another major factor for population density other than birth rate is migration both inside and between countries.

So even if the birth rate in your country would result in minimal growth migration from other countries can increase the population.

The general trend today is people moving to large cities from the countryside and smaller cities. So if you live in a large city you will see a population increase that primarily is a result of people moving there. The change is not primarily because if birth but migration.

If you were out in the countryside you would likely see a population decrease. It is a result of people moving to cities. Because young people are more likely to move than old the demographics can become quite uneven and as a result, the number of deaths can be a lot higher than the number of births.

The birth rate is declining, but people are living longer. It will take a generation for any change to be noticed.

To add to this, before the advent of computer chips, we could not adjust timing "on the fly" to avoid detonation (gasoline igniting before the spark event).

For instance, the GM LS engine family has an "anti-knock" sensor that can detect the beginnings of detonation before its audible to the human ear, and it will then retard the spark to allow the cylinder in question to cool down a hair.

Before that technology, the compression ratio had to be chosen to work for all engines across the entire country, using all grades of fuel, even fuel with variable quality from a low-quality brand.

Now, the LS family of engines can come from the factory with a relatively high compression ratio.

In the early 1970's, lowering the compression ratio a bit was the fastest and cheapest way to lower cylinder temperatures, and thus create less emissions of the type that was being measured.

The same London Underground that draws complaints for being too hot and claustophobic?

Afaik if you're talking about what happened in korea, there were still walls that they were bound by. Its the same as for concerts; they're always outside, but because of the barriers they put up, people can be crushed