A little history, in piston airplanes of old, they discovered that by injecting some water in with the fuel/air mixture you get a denser charge and more power in the combustion. This is important in high flying pistons where you need a fuel with a lot of octane.

https://www.carthrottle.com/post/water-injection-how-does-it-work/

The other way to do this is with tetryl lead, one of the reasons why engines made big power in 1967 and that engine made terrible power in 1980. We solved all of the issues with making big power with unleaded fuel by using electronics and injection.

Water injection is the one tool we didn't use. We still run lead in AvGas even though we have known for generations that you could use water injection as a substitute for lead.

I think this is the first time I’ve seen an ELI5 on the front page where all the answers are wrong!

Yes, atmospheric nitrogen takes a lot of energy to convert, but plants already provide all of that energy to their bacterial and fungal friends in the soil. So that’s not the reason.

The real issue is that photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation are incompatible because of oxygen. Photosynthesis makes oxygen molecules and oxygen molecules destroy the machinery that turns atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms.

There are organisms that do both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, but they don’t do it in the same place or at the same time. Some photosynthetic bacteria (like Anabaena) make special cells called heterocysts that fix nitrogen but don’t photosynthesize, while others (like Cyanothece) photosynthesize during the day, then fix nitrogen during the night.

When photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation were first evolving, this incompatibility wasn’t an issue because there wasn’t molecular oxygen in the atmosphere to any appreciable degree. Photosynthesis created it all. Once it had, created an environment that made nitrogen fixation much more challenging.

As u/writingtherongs pointed out, plants COULD have evolved a separate compartment to fix nitrogen in, but that just hasn’t happened in the last ~3 billion years. They’ve always relied on other organisms to provide their fixed nitrogen.

Alcohol kills any bacteria that would eat away at the barrel. Also barrels aren normally treated for it and air tight, not allowing foreign substance to be introduced.

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Honestly it probably depends on the post production house prepared them. Everything has been scanned or copied to digital at this point. Sometimes that means the film was rescanned (if it still exists), some times its just just NTSC upscaled. Your black and white points may be at the whim of the junior color artists, which will partially determine the saturation and sharpness

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0_0 I can't even....

Snow is mostly air. it consists of crystals which occupy a much greater volume than their overall dimensions. Light reflects off the large surface area of the ice structures which make up the snow crystals creating the impression of 'white'. Ice however is almost all water. If it has air embedded, then it starts looking white where the air is, but the frozen water just transmits light through and does not reflects as white.

As u/Red_AtNight mentioned, most nightshades are in someway poisonous. I'm not a botanist so I can't say they all are, but most are, especially the wild ones.

We've domesticated things like tomatoes and potatoes but even potatoes can be highly toxic if you eat too much of the wrong bits. I believe they are also a kind of toxin that likes to stay in your fat tissue so it can accumulate slowly over time.

I'm not sure about which diets avoid nightshades other than Macrobiotic diets which as far as I know are more based eastern philosophy rather than some sort of nutritional logic. For example, the Macrobiotic diet classifies foods according to their status in a Yin/Yang balance so certain foods can only be paired with others in a dish. Specifically the nightshades are excluded from the diet entirely, again for philosophical reasons, not for some actual nutritional or ethical logic.

There might also be a religious aspect, I believe the early European colonists believed the tomato was the supposed "Biblical Fruit" that Eve ate and so they believed it both kill you and then damn you hell if you ate it. Obviously that didn't last long. FWIW, I think 'scholars' have since agreed the fruit was a quince.

Fucking hell man you just gave me the biggest laugh of the day :D

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Running water for what, cooling?

Kind of like alcohol, which also suppresses rem

"Nightshade" is a huge family of plants that covers everything from tomatoes to potatoes. And belladonna too, commonly called "deadly nightshade".

The family as a whole is not considered to be different than other fruits or vegetable.

The general reasons why anyone would try to avoid anything are "medically diagnosed allergy", "self diagnosed allergy", or "fad diet that they got suckered in to".

What an eye opener. Been on SSRIs for years and had no idea it had an effect on REM sleep and memory. I've also had memory issues and am pretty much always tired. I just thought it was from getting older (and I'm not in great physical health).

Solanaceae, or the Nightshades, are a family of flowering plants. It's a pretty broad category of plants, including things like tomatoes, eggplant, and potatoes, but also tobacco, goji berries, and a bunch of different decorative plants.

Some nightshades are poisonous (like the aptly named Deadly Nightshade - Atropa belladonna.) Some nightshades will make you hallucinate. Some have medicinal properties.

Oh, okay.

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WC temps are made up BS and don't really mean anything. It's only touched overnight lows of -30F a handful of times over many seasons in the metro and only for a couple days max. I only remember two days where the daytime temp was below -20F and that was during a polar vortex.

Thank you for your in depth answer. I'm not a native speaker and "stack" was the wrong term I guess. I meant a pile or something ( what we call " un tas" in french). Like if I take billions of too-small-to-be-seen particles and dump them together.

Because they can deal with in on a small scale and have very short times between generations, which then allows batacteria to evolve much faster than multi-celular organisms.

Farther away from the surface

You know how cling wrap sticks to itself really well? And if you pull out a lot of cling wrap, it is almost impossible to pull all of it apart at the same time? The Nitrogen in air (N2) is similar to that. It sticks together very strongly. Nitrogen sticks to itself about 3 times stronger than it sticks to a single Hydrogen. It takes a lot of energy to break apart N2, so plants instead get the Nitrogen from sources where it is bonded more weakly with other atoms, like nitrates (bonded to Oxygen) and ammonia (bonded to Hydrogen).

All organisms need energy and they do this through chemical reactions called redox reactions. Redox is short for reduction (which means an atom/molecule gains electrons) - oxidation (which means an atom/molecule loses electrons). Some elements like oxygen are really hungry for electrons, while others (carbon and hydrogen) are relatively happy to give up electrons. When a redox reaction occurs that makes everyone happier, energy is released. Oxygen is important for life because it wants electrons more than anything else that is readily available. Because oxygen wants electrons so bad, more energy is released when it gets electrons. If a reaction gave electrons to sulfur rather than oxygen, less energy would be released.

A common redox reaction is respiration, where sugars (mostly carbon and hydrogen) react with oxygen (O2) to make water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). O2 oxygen is unhappy because there are two oxygen atoms stuck together, and each of them are trying to hog all of the electrons. Carbon and hydrogen don't pull on electrons very hard, so sugar essentially has an excess of electrons. When the redox reaction occurs and these atoms are rearranged, you end up with oxygen bonded to carbon or hydrogen. The oxygen gets to hog the electrons in those bonds, and the carbon and hydrogen are generally pretty happy with that arrangement. Organisms use a complicated series of steps that allows them to capture the energy from this reaction in the form of ATP, which is then used to power all kinds of cellular processes.

Some of the other comments have mentioned that there are lots of organisms that do not use oxygen. These organisms use redox reactions to get energy, but they use sulfur (or actually sulfate), manganese, iron or other things in place of oxygen. When oxygen is present, organisms that use oxygen tend to dominate, because they can get way more energy than organisms that do not use oxygen.

Photosynthesis is also a redox reaction, but it runs in the opposite direction as respiration. Plants use energy from the sun to power reactions that turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen (O2).

love you