I can also add that all these teeny tiny boxes are highly pressurized. In most cells, the pressure is around 3 bar, three times the pressure of our atmosphere. This means if you would take all the water in a body without this pressure it would probably be larger in volume than the actual body. Adding further to this, this pressure should also make all the structures in the body more rigid and less fluid.

Nightshade is just a family. A bunch of plants that share genetic similarities.

We consider them different for the same reason that we consider cats different from dogs. Cats belong to the Felidae family (aka felines), and dogs belong to the Canis family (aka canines). Those families are used to describe the basic characteristics of all family members.

For plants, the Solanaceae family (aka nightshades) have different characteristics from the Brassicaceae family (aka Cruciferous veggies)

One of the characteristics of the Nightshade family is poison. You can avoid the poison if you are careful and eat the correct part... but some people avoid the whole family all together.

Sounds like your psych earns their money, holy shit dude.

Suppose you have a huge metal water tank filled with water. You can probably get pretty close to 100% water by volume. But the tank is solid, and will feel very much like a solid if you hit it.

From the outside you can't immediately tell that the tank is mostly water.

I was thinking of adding this but I feel it distracts from the answer. It is not just Bourbon but a number of other drinks which needs to be aged in new barrels. But the barrels can be reused and as you mention is reused for various things. There are indeed recopies for beer, whiskey and other drinks which specifically requires old barrels that have been used for other things. Some of the taste from the original use will be stuck in the wood and come out again for the next batch.

I think you're referring to alcohol withdrawal and/or alcohol induced psychosis. In either case it's the hippothalamus and pretty much the entire pre-frontal cortex malfunctioning from brain damage, which causes the pink elephants.

You're right that you do need REM sleep though.

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> it asked if there were any energy losses in the experiment.

No, when you burn something, no energy is lost. There is a fixed amount of energy in the universe and we cannot create or destroy energy. All we can do is transform it from one form to another.

When people say energy is "lost", it is the imperfect transformation of energy from one for to the other. If you turn mechanical energy into electrical energy (via an alternator or something) it's not a 100% conversion. You will turn 90% of the mechanical energy into electrical energy, and 10% of the energy into heat energy. The amount of energy is constant and unchanged, but the transformation from one form to the other is less than 100% efficient

When you burn something, no energy is lost. You are just converting matter (which is just bound up energy) into light energy, heat energy, and a different kind of matter (smoke and ash). The same amount of energy exists in the universe before you burned the thing and after

Interesting. Makes sense once explained but never thought of it that way.

Yes, Anabaena and Cyanothece are 2 different genera of cyanobacteria. I worked with other cyanobacteria for my PhD and my advisor's lab did a bunch of work on Cyanothece. They're really fascinating little creatures.

A nice trick is to light a fire in a mine level above the working one, the fire updraft and fumes do escape from a vertical shaft purposely built on top of it, the updraft sucks air form the levels below.

You need to arrange it with doors so you can force the fire to suck from the area you like and the outside air to be sucked in the level you want.

But that’s a method doable even at Stone Age tech.

Idk if gas pockets were common, as, ancient digging was superficial and by the time you get the tech to dig further down I imagine they got the tech to protect themselves. In between these two era they just died. I mean, there’s plenty of mine horror accounts from the 1700-1900. The whole industrial era was a gigantic trial and error thing. I remember industrial ventilation devices like hand operated, animal operated, and later steam operated air pumps, and acetilene lamps made “flash proof” to an extent. Problem is, if you get to a gas pocket, even if it doesn’t ignite, you are still really dead. There is no way to replace that much gas with fresh air in time. Having a bird that dies earlier than you is a good warning system, but to escape you have to climb a lot and climbing with little oxygen is not an endeavor that is famous for its success rate. To conclude, early ventilation systems were more about getting enough air to breathe and evacuate the lamps fumes.

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Some people want to live life to the fullest for what ever time that is. Others want to sit around and wait on death to find them.

That's funny but ya know, it's Reddit! Yeah i didn't want to get into the weeds with oxygen poisoning etc but you're aboslutely right, oxgyen really is a nasty little reactive atom and the cyanobacteria is it? manage to fix N2 without even the benefit of membrane bound organelles!

Also adding those to my list, thank you.

It’s safe to say that short of killing other humans few things have driven as much of our technical evolution than the extraction of rare minerals. For that reason alone you’ll find an endless list of interesting reading on both subjects.

The coal book is what got me started down that rabbit hole. From there you can choose your own adventure. My recommendations are: For engineers- Energy and Civilization by Smil

For normal people- Energy for future presidents (and it’s predecessor Physics for Future presidents) by Muller.

Great explanation but I'll only add a small asterisk - Bourbon barrels cannot be reused per the definition of bourbon. They can be reused for things like whiskey, beer, or as trailer-park garden planters, but bourbon must be aged in a new oak barrel.

This is actually very insightfull, thanks.

I had migraines when I was younger. Extreme nausea, dizziness, cold sweating, and horrible head pain. A true migraine can be debilitating, a lot more than just a nuisance or making it hard to function.

Nightshades contain solanine and that is thought to increase inflammation. The data for this is not consistent. Some patients do notice the difference in their arthritis pain.

Think there’s more steps than that involved.

Step 1: Acquire tow truck

Step 2: Tow cars

Step 3: ??

Step 4: Profit!

Not only do they not replace the barrels but they can even reuse the barrels even after 30+ years. Firstly they are stored in very dry and dark places. Life needs water to survive, even bacteria and fungi. There are technically water in the content but this is mixed with a lot of alcohol which is lethal in those concentrations. So bacteria, fungi and insects could not survive from it. Secondly wood contain very little nitrites. These are extremely important for all life to build proteins and for the chemical processes in the cell. Especially for bacteria they need a lot of it. But the cells in wood do very little chemical processes and are mostly just structural so they contain a lot of carbon and very little nitrogen. That means that even when fungi or bacteria is able to start attacking the wood it quickly runs out of nitrogen compounds and need a secondary source. This is why wood often rots from the bottom as the fungi can bring nitrites from the soil. But these barrels are stored in stone basements and even then are stored off the floor.

Profound Emotional disregulation. During REM your brain extracts the coles notes from the emotional charge/events of the day and writes it long term memory. Your buffer is only so big, if you don't empty it every night it's starts to overflow and your emotional regulation goes nuts and you along with it.

Because the water is locked up in zillions of cells, which are surrounded by cellular membranes, giving them a stiffness. A Tomato is 95% water. But it feels solid when you pick it up. Same reason

Think of it this way: Take a basketball. Cut a hole in it. Fill it with water. The basketball is now something like 90% water. But when you touch it, it feels solid. Shrink that basketball down to celluar size, and put a zillion of them together to make a human, and you have a solid feeling human that is mostly water.

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