the gills are very delicate structures that rely on being "fluffed out" to have enough surface area to absorb the oxygen.

this is fine while underwater, but when you take them out into the air, their gills hang down all matted.

it's like your hair that floats freely underwater but straggles down in wet clumps when you surface.

the water also forms a barrier preventing circulating air from touching the gills. so until the gills are dry and fluffed out again, there's no chance of absorbing any fresh oxygen at all.

even then the surface area just isn't enough to sustain life. we enclose our oxygen absorbing surfaces inside our chest and our lungs fill the majority of our chest. that's a whole lot of absorbing area and mechanics to move a lot of air across it.

so basically, the fish suffocates before the gills dry. but they're too small and not structured properly to sustain life in air regardless.

Gills function by having a very high surface area with a bunch of “plates” that are stacked on top of each other. Water flows in between all these plates fully wetting the top and bottom of each for a huge total surface area.

Out of the water the plates stick together like wet leaves and the fish suffocates with 90+% of the gill surface now blocked and the exposed area dangerously dry.

Some fish do have some creative solutions to breathing air though, as an adaptation to nasty swamp water or low tide.

You won’t be able to do these sort of voltage reads in the standard OS the computer is running. I’m assuming you will need to remove the drive and put it into dedicated forensic recovery hardware. This could be even more difficult if your SSDs are soldered on like it most modern ultra books.

As far as I understand, yes. There is conflicting documentation out there, and I'm not an engineer so take this with a grain of salt.

That being said, in order to write new data to a block it first has to be zeroed and then written. The idea behind trim and GC is for the block to already be zeroed before you'd want to write to it, therefore improving the perceived response of the drive. There are of course other purposes behind the operation, but it makes sense that if you need to zero an entire block BEFORE you can write to it, you'd want to zero it preemptively and not immediately before a write.

Higher in this comment chain is an article from crucial who describes trim & GC working exactly in this way if you'd like some reading on the subject.

This is not true / not what the OC is asking

That standard white wheat flour you see everywhere is processed flour.

Wheat seed has 3 parts - they're called bran, endosperm, and germ. When processing the flour, bran and germ are removed, leaving only the endosperm. Naturally, removing parts of the seed also removes the nutrients, which makes processed white flour nutritionally poorer.

Whole wheat flour, on the other hand, is exactly what it says - flour made out of whole seed with nothing removed. That means it contains more micronutrients (fiber, vitamins, minerals) than processed white flour, which makes whole wheat flour a better choice health-wise than processed flour.

You just need to be careful when reading the labels because when the front of the packaging says "whole wheat", that may mean it has like 20% whole wheat flour, and the rest is processed white flour. If it says "100% whole wheat", then there's no processed flour in it.

What about air can they not handle?

There's a built-in function to overwrite your "empty" hard drive space with random data. Problem is it takes forever (and isn't easily accessible). There's a reason why the option isn't available to the average user.

There's oxygen in water, why can't you breathe underwater?

The answer to your question though is that fish bodies, in particular their gills, cannot handle being out of water and thus can't handle breathing and getting oxygen through their blood.

There are two types of computer memory, the first one is remembering what is being done right now, it is called RAM and is what people mean most of the time when they talk about memory. It is used for example to know what pictures to show or what numbers to count with. It is similar to how you put a book in your hand when you are reading that book. All the text and images in the book is easily and quickly accessible just by flipping a page. It contains the instructions for what the computer should do, for example “delete a file”. When you are done with information in that memory you either put it back in the “shelf” or throw it away.

The other type of memory is what you are asking about, usually a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or a Solid State Drive (SSD). It is usually called storage since it is used to store data.

It is similar to your bookshelf or a library. In the shelf there are many books that is like files. To delete a file you could remove the book from the shelf and destroy it immediately, but that would take too long time. What the computer instead does it has a long list of what books you have, how many pages they have and where they are currently sitting in the bookshelf.

When a file is deleted you just erase that book from the list, the book is still in the shelf. Next time you get a new book to put in the shelf you look in the list, check where there is a empty spot, go to that shelf and if there is any book in the spot you want to put your book you just remove the old book and put your new book there instead. The old book is destroyed and is impossible to get back at the same time as the new book is put in the shelf.

What are you talking about? "Whole wheat" is not a buzzword. It's a fact about the type of flour used.

Most common type of flour used pretty much everywhere is processed wheat flour.

Wheat seed has 3 parts - bran, endosperm, and germ. When processing the flour, bran and germ are removed, leaving only the endosperm.

Whole wheat flour, on the other hand, is exactly that - flour made out of whole seed with nothing removed. That means it contains more micronutrients (fiber, vitamins, minerals) than processed white flour, which makes whole wheat flour a better choice health-wise compared to the same amount of processed flour.

Yeah, this bugs the bejesus out of me too. I can only assume it’s because “it’s all gigs”, but you’d think that eventually people would figure out the nomenclature of memory vs drive space or disk space or storage of F’n whatever.

Wait, are you saying that garbage collection zeros deleted blocks?

It's a distinction without a difference. The drive gets managed during garbage collection, as in a block is copied and reorganized to a different block so the old block can be cleared (e.g. set to 0).

TRIM tells the drive "hey don't bother copying this stuff, and clear it with the rest of this block " effectively deleting it, not just delisting it. Garbage collection is(effectively) constant, and deleting a file is going to clear many many blocks, causing those blocks to be fully zeroed on the next pass.

So while technically true that TRIM is not a deletion protocol directly, it results in the deletion of data on the next garbage collection pass which is normally milliseconds after you delete a file.

Ok. So then the answer isn't incorrect. OP used a word incorrectly and the answer used that word the same way OP did.

This is why you can sometimes recover data from a corrupted or crashed hard drive. In computer forensics they find "deleted" files.

Not removed, just deallocated.

>but the air underneath you is pushing you up

Not how it works. Pressure comes from the top.
Think when you're diving. The deeper you go the higher the pressure, regardless of how much water is beneath you.

The sub is eli5. In common vernacular memory refers to RAM or ROM. The first thing you should explain to a 5 year old is the right words, to make sure you understand what they are asking.

Yes, it is possible to have memory mapped files or a part of storage that is used like non-volatile memory, but it isn't what is commonly referred to as memory.

We also have smaller craters too. They just come from much larger original asteroids (meters in diameter) that broke up and had most of their material burn away in the atmosphere. The big craters come from extremely rare asteroids that were originally kilometers in diameter. There has only been about 60 of those meteor strikes and the earth has been around for 4.5 BILLION years so the odds of one hitting earth again before humans go extinct is pretty low.

4 500 000 000/60=75 000 000.

That's an average of one large meteor strike every 75 million years and the average mammal species only lasts about 1 million years. Humans have already been around for about 200 000 years.

The vast majority of space rocks crashing down towards Earth is vaporised into dust by the immense temperatures generated by the friction with the atmosphere. Pieces rarely reach the Earth's surface and they're usually tiny if they do. That being said bigger meteorites do impact the Earth, like the one in Russia a few years ago, usually though they fall into the ocean.

There are craters on the Earth too, it's just that most of them are not easily visible since they're usually overgrown with trees and plants. By contrast the moon has no atmosphere or an active eco system so not only does it get a lot more impacts but all the craters are very easy to see.

Rather than trying to delete - encrypt the drive with a tool like bit locker and then that’s it - I would have more confidence in this than a secure delete, or formatted and over written

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This is misleading. TRIM does not immediately "clear" ie "set to 0" deleted pages. They simply mark them as "do not collect" for garbage collection. This way, when the GC algorithm runs, it doesn't copy over the useless pages to new blocks. However, afaik, SSDs never actually destroy deleted pages unless overwritten by new data.

The Moon has no air. So that means if an asteroid hits it, it leaves a crater. Then there's nothing to get rid of that crater. It just stays and stays forever.

The Earth has air. And volcanoes. And plants. And water. So if an asteroid landed in the middle of Ohio ten thousand years ago, that's ten thousand years of rain and wind and stuff to get rid of the crater. It might still be there, but it'll look a lot more like a natural valley now. Floods and rivers and tornadoes will knock down some of the hard ridges, and trees and plants and things will gradually soften the landscape as well.

Plus the atmosphere acts like a shield, burning up most asteroids before they cause big impacts. So something that causes a big crater on the Moon will cause a really small crater on Earth, and something that causes a small crater on the Moon will never even hit ground on Earth.

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