Thank you, this helps

Thanks!

It's a matter of what properties you care about: making something cold, vs. breaking up ice to stop it from being slippery.

In the ice-cream maker, you're trying to transfer coldness out of the ice and into the ice-cream, to make the water in the ice-cream freeze. It doesn't matter to you that the ice melts in the process.

On the road, you're trying to melt and break up the ice so it's less slippery. You don't really care about coldness.

Most of the energy involved doesn't go into changing the temperature; it goes into shifting water between solid and liquid forms. This is the latent heat of fusion ... where "fusion" doesn't mean nuclear fusion like the sun, but rather water physically fusing into ice.

So the workers in the mine that is your stomach break up the food you just ate into 3 basic components: fats, proteins, and carbs. It then drops onto a conveyor belt (your intestines). As it rolls along the conveyor belt, it gets sorted out and pushed off the line into the appropriate department.

Carbs get taken to a lab, where they're further broken apart by workers to the basic building block: glucose. Now's where it gets fun. Depending on how much energy you need at a given moment, the workers either load the glucose into a machine (glycolysis cycle) or send it to your liver to be built into blocks called glycogen that it stores for later.

That Glycolysis machine has multiple steps, where it adds or removes things on the glucose until it becomes the final product, Pyruvate, which goes into 1 of 2 machines (depending if you have oxygen) aerobic or anaerobic. It's kind of like those Rube Golberg machines, where the marbles roll along, knocking things over and driving other steps? Along the way by products are being made, which get brought over to the mighty powerhouse of the cell, the Mitochondria. These byproducts are loaded in, and again drive a domino effect, which turns a wheel that generates the energy of your body: Adenosine TriPhosphate- ATP.

Fat and protein can both also be converted through various methods to become pyruvate and join in this cycle if there's not enough carbs. But that's the best 5 year old version I can give.

The US did have full body x-ray machines post-911. The name for them was backscatter. They did cause increased cancer rates, because they were ionizing radiation.

The priority back then was on airplane safety. 911 did some really weird shit to American society, including authorizing a mass indefinite detention and torture system. Back then waterboarding was being debated in civil society as a humane way of extracting information.

Famous intellectual Christopher Hitchens infamously aligned himself with the rightwing neocons and thought that waterboarding wasn't torture and that it wasn't a big deal. He agreed to have himself waterboarded to put his beliefs to the test, and immediately after 1 waterboarding session lasting just seconds he flipped his mind and started calling it torture. He was one of the only people ever to to try it, and it must have changed at least some minds in broader society.

If you weren't around back then you wouldn't really understand. The country lost its marbles entirely. You'd think America was normal prior to Trump, but no it wasn't.

I don't know if they're still in service today, but it's always worth asking.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatter_X-ray

Here's the video of Hitchens agreeing to being waterboarded.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LPubUCJv58

Apparently this has two answers.

For one, dogs have been bred to be tools and assistants for a wide variety of situations. Cats were pretty much just "eat the pests," which is what they were gonna do anyways. So dogs got whatever morphology and size was needed for their job, but cats were just bred to be whatever they already were.

Secondly, there's actually a coincidence of genetics that gives dogs more natural variation than most animals, that both made more dramatic artificial selection possible for them and kept them the same species throughout all of it. Cats don't have that, and it would be harder to breed them in so many different directions.

Good answers here, but I think the main point has been lost.

You add salt to ice to make it melt faster, which in turn will cool the dish that has the ice cream in it.

If you add water to the outside shell, it would cool down quickly, but not get that cold, because water is warmer than ice.

However if you put ice in the shell and add salt, it will begin melting faster, which will allow the cooling process inside the shell to occur more rapidly.

Important distinction: salt lowers the temperature at which water freezes, it doesn't lower the temperature of the water itself.

For example: water with a low salt content will freeze at 32F. However, typical seawater freezes at 28F. If you add enough salt to 30F ice, ideally you'll end up with 30F water.

To your question: you want to melt the ice so you have liquid in both cases. For your iced cream, you want better contact with the aluminum container to freeze the iced cream faster. For the roads, liquid water runs off, where ice/snow does not.

Water transfers heat better/faster than ice. Also, this may seem counterintuitive, but it when water freezes, it actually gives off some energy, warming up things around it. Not enough to melt the ice back into water, but just a bit. Salt water also has a much lower freezing point than "fresh" water.

So if you salt the ice on your driveway, you're lowering the freezing point so that the salt + ice will melt back into saltwater and flow away from wherever you're putting the salt.

If you put salt on ice for a dessert, you're letting the water stay liquid at lower temperatures while the remaining ice brings the temperature down. This draws more heat from the dessert, keeping/making it cold.

The sodium ions and chloride ions in common salt interrupt the water molecules bonding together to form ice and so lower the freezing point of water. https://youtu.be/oVJAZ002v5k

I'm no expert, but I believe salt makes the freezing point lower, this allows the water the fills the whitespace in between the ice cubes to be colder. The water is more efficient at changing the temperature of the internal wall of the ice cream container in the middle because it presses up against it and the ice over a wide area, where the ice cubes only touch the inner wall at points.

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The hard science tells us these artificial sweeteners contain 0 calories, and 0 anything else. It's purely taste and no harm of any sort. That's the hard truth. They are 0 calories sweeteners, and there are no hidden calories in them. You'd die trying to survive off 0 calorie foods. There is no disputing that.

With the hard science out of the way comes the dilemma of separating bad data humans provide, with any sort of response from the human body. We can obviously taste sugar. There's a chance our bodies respond the sweet taste some way. Maybe the taste makes us more hungry. In evolutionary terms it's not the most stupid idea if you think about hunter-gatherers a few hundred thousand years ago.

But that is speculation only. It's possible that it's all bad data and that artificial sweeteners do nothing at all. We just don't know. We need more data on the subject.

Your question can't be answered. We don't know. It's an ongoing point of research.

Well, fuck.

Yes. And if it is an external one then likely technically slower than the internal.

Pretty much.

So basically all I did was buy more storage room?

There are a lot of conflicting studies, many of which have their own flaws. As far as I can tell, we don't have any fully accepted theories. The best I could find was a phenomena known as compensation, where people are "ingesting calories later to compensate for energy deficit caused by [artificial sweeteners]". Basically, you trick your body into thinking it's going to get a lot of sugar, and then you don't give it any, so it sends messages to your brain that it's still hungry for sugar, leading you to eat more than you would have if you drank a soda.

The study

Playstation consoles already ship with an internal solid state drive rather than mechanical hard drives as found on the PS4 generation.

That's why there isn't a drastic performance difference for using external media

"Contribute to obesity" and "bad for you" are not necessarily the same thing. Which one are you asking about?

Some sugar substitutes are bad for you for reasons unrelated to weight gain, such as messing up your gut microbiome.

There is some evidence, although it's not conclusive, that sugar substitutes may be linked to weight gain. The idea is that your body associated the sweet taste with an increase in blood sugar and thus expects an increase in blood sugar. When you drink a sugar free drink, you get the taste but don't get the blood sugar increase, so your body makes you crave sugar to get that increase it was expecting, and you end up consuming more calories than you otherwise would have.

If you are driving a regular car on a regular road for regular traffic purposes... don't even think about slipstreams

If we are talking racecars (e.g. NASCAR, Formula 1, etc), front car cuts the air/ air resistance, the car behind it is protected and can speed up without resistance. In a straight line or a long simple turn this is easy.

It gets more complicated when the car in front is going through a bunch turns back and forth at varying speeds, creating "dirty air" cuz that air immediately around that cut air is super turbulent and is going to collapse, creating fluctuating levels of resistance or downforce on the car behind. It's not like this turbulence doesn't exist on straight lines, but it's more of on obstacle on turns where you actually want a consistent weight of air across the car to push it down into the ground to keep grip. On a straight the air resistance is just going to hamper your top speed.

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Which species?

And it's far more accurate to say those 8 species aren't "true" fish than to say that fish doesn't exist as a category.

Not the best answer but I read before the brain gets used to releasing hormones based on sweet flavor not by waiting to figure out what it actually is.

So based on what the brain is used to it'll still release the same enzymes and hormones yet not have the proper sugars to bind with, etc.