Stop them from rising or stop grave robbers?

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Unless it's in the middle of nowhere, it usually gets preserved where it is. So they uncover as much as they can, record everything they can about it, then preserve it right there and build a layer over it such that it can safely be built upon.

If they didn't do this, there'd be nowhere to live. I live in Gloucester along a stream. It is absolutely guaranteed that if we were to dig around under my house, there'd be artefacts of some sort.

“Oxford Archaeology said that following consultations with Historic England and Milton Keynes Council, the mosaic has been preserved in situ.

It means materials have been placed over the brickwork to protect it, to allow construction to continue without causing damage.”

You oversimplified Herod and his relationship with the Jews right into inaccuracy.

The entire point of Herod renovating the Second Temple (built by Ezra, et al after the Baylonian Captivity--Solomon's Temple was destroyed) was to curry favor with the Jews by the raised Jewish and quarter-Jewish by blood but not considered a "real" Jew by hardliners Herod and solidify his power base. He was polishing his jewish bona fides.

He needed to keep the local populace quiet to keep his kingdom. Herod was constantly dealing with the other power cliques in Judea and Rome (look up his mother in law--you think you have it bad?) and was one good rebellion away from Octavius/Augustus deciding that someone else would be a better ruler of a fairly important border state, or at least less of a headache. Dude is not going to go and build a fake Temple on the site of the real Temple--that's what decided the Jews on overthrowing the king in that rather famous Maccabeean incident and would guarantee Rome would find someone better.

And the Essenes...that's like asking the Latter Day Saints their opinion of the Pope. The Essenes were a large sect, but they weren't exactly orthodox in their doctrine (to continue the analogy: it's asking hippy commune Mormons about the Pope). The fact is that the majority of the Jews (including the Maccabeeans, the two mainstream Jewish sects, and that Jesus guy and his followers) thought the Temple was the Temple, regardless of the rebuilding, so long as the proper rituals had been observed to consecrate it, etc.

Wish you would’ve listed all of the ancestors you thought would fall under the category, that’s what I was waiting for the entire article. Wanted to research the ones I don’t know about like maybe a few of the 21 listed by the smithsonian.

Oke a follow-up question. Twenty years ago we thought that descent is linear and we were looking for the missing link to the modern human. We have long since moved on from that notion. But if you take Darwin's theory of evolution, each generation should have minimal differences from the next. So how do we distinguish the different fossils and how do we assign them to the different evolution lines there were? Is this all done with dna tests?

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From the linked summary^1 by Jennifer Ouellette:

>Archaeologists excavating an early Roman imperial tomb in Turkey have uncovered evidence of unusual funerary practices.

>Instead of the typical method of being cremated on a funeral pyre and the remains relocated to a final resting place, these burnt remains had been left in place and covered in brick tiles and a layer of lime.

>Finally, several dozen bent and twisted nails, some with the heads pinched off, had been scattered around the burn site.

>It's the 41 broken and bent nails—25 bent at a 90 degree angle with the heads pinched off, 16 bent and twisted but otherwise whole—recovered from the site that set this cremation apart.

>These were not coffin nails, which are usually found intact, and nails weren't used in the construction of the funeral pyre.

From the peer-reviewed article^2 by Johan Claeys, et al.:

>Aside from the application of nails to symbolically fix the spirit, heavy weights were also used in an attempt to immobilise the physical remains of a potential revenant (Ogden 2002: 164–66; Alfayé 2009: 191–97).

>The curse ‘sit tibi terra gravis’ (‘may the earth rest heavily upon you’) was sometimes used in contrast to the epitaph ‘sit tibi terra levis’ (‘may the earth rest lightly upon you’) that was commonly reproduced in Roman funerary inscriptions in full or abbreviated (‘s.t.t.l.’) form (Tolman 1910: 5 & 21).

>The combination of nails and bricks designed to restrain the dead with the sealing effect of the lime strongly implies a fear of the restless dead.

>Regardless of whether the cause of death was traumatic, mysterious or potentially the result of a contagious illness or punishment, it appears to have left the dead intent on retaliation and the living fearful of the deceased's return.

^1 Jennifer Ouellette for Ars Technica/Advance Publications, 17 Mar. 2023, https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/03/bent-nails-at-roman-burial-site-form-magical-barrier-to-keep-dead-from-rising/

^2 Claeys, J., Van de Vijver, K., Marinova, E., Cleymans, S., Degryse, P., & Poblome, J. (2023). Magical practices? A non-normative Roman imperial cremation at Sagalassos. Antiquity, 97(391), 158-175. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2022.171

The article says information about the site will be fully recorded. Does this mean that they are going to just collect data and then bury it over or tear it down and build a supermarket? What happens to this kind of stuff England?

The definition of "totally separate" is not very clear.

all of them existed on earth ;).

how many hominids have there been? to my knowledge there are 21 known species of hominid and of those 21 I believe eight are in the genus homo.

This means aside from us there are 7 that were "early human species"

That's not accurate, as someone else mentioned the grappling hooks were very common, and the entire idea of the corvus being a specific boarding bridge comes only from Polybius, and is not really accepted as the mainstream theory anymore (though of course Wallinga was incredible for the work he did in regards to the theory). Polybius and the corvus is a bit of an enigma as a whole, can get into it a bit more if you want, but overall remember he's writing well after events.

As for boarding before the First Punic War, it was common. Look at depictions of Athenian naval warfare in the 5th century, which we have a good chunk of. Ships get stuck together, marines (ἐπιβάται) could then fight ship to ship. During the Sicilian Expedition we see the Sicilians prepare to use boarding hooks (one of the older, but still acceptable arguments for what a corvus was) and the Athenians already familiar enough of them to counter them with animal hides which would make it difficult for the hooks to grab on.

You also see these strategy employed elsewhere not long after Rome in areas that would not have been familiar with the corvus, typically with groups associated with piracy, the Illyrians, etc. who would deliberately plant traps to allow them closer access to ships to board them and take them over. These seem to have been the norm for them, and plays a major role in the First Illyrian War.

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Other answer isn't quite right. The technique with naval rams was to open the seams in the enemy ship, so they'd flood and sink. The ram is not designed to penetrate into the enemy ship, and the ramming surface was basically as big as they could get it in order to not get stuck in the enemy ship while still hitting with force. So more a hammer than a blade.

There were some marines on deck, but they were basically for emergencies only if the ships got stuck together or boarded somehow.

It is a highly technical term after all, and I am a person who appreciates technical accuracy

Hell yeah I have, it’s in my top five favorite movies. And yeah, I agree that I was pretty young for the subject material. My dad read all sorta of random stuff to me when I was little, I got a bunch of Dumas and Tolstoy as well. This isn’t me bragging or pretending I was some sort of wunderkind, I was just a kid with a literature nerd for a dad.

>I don't imagine ships, when rammers were common, were completely helpless and would go completely underwater if they got rammed once.

Yeah, but kind of hard to fight and maneuver if your rowing section is submerged in water. And I imagine a 1-2 foot wide hole in a 40-50 tonnes vessel won't take too long to reach that point.

The bronze ram is hollow in the back, it sockets into a thick piece of timber sticking out forward of the hull.

https://i.imgur.com/tsW61ob.jpg

After ramming, they were suppose to back the ship up with oars to allow water to flood into the holed ship, but on some occasions they could get jammed in with the target - which is why most rams were made as short as possible so they won't get stuck as easily.

Oh wow, that's pretty young. I have to assume most of it would have gone over your head lol.

Have you seen the movie btw? It's top-tier.

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That's not typical, I'd like to make that clear.

I replied to the comment above you! Have a good day.

When I was a teen I was obsessed with the naval combat in Empire Total War, although I now know that to be pretty flawed. Currently I would say it’s the Ultimate Admiral series. The first game (Age of Sail) is a masterpiece, and Dreadnoughts is excellent if a bit janky. There’s really no good Ancient era naval game, although I’ll never get tired of bonking ships in Rome Total War 2. If you’re in to submarines U-Boat is excellent.

I’m gonna throw in a curveball recommendation as well in the form of Nebulous: Fleet Command. It’s a hard sci-fi naval simulator that is in my opinion the most accurate portrayal of what space combat would be like. It’s akin to a bunch of submarines trying to find each other in the Atlantic. You’re basically playing hide and seek with nuclear missiles and emissions control and battle cruisers instead of children.

I’ve messed around with games like World of Warships but I’m more of a single-player strategy guy.