What does it take for a group of 1 million people to declare independece of X country and have their own government?

I would translate as light source. Literally anti-shadow.

Theodore Roosevelt comes close. He spent two terms in office, resigned, and then ran a third time in 1912, but lost.

Tried and won

"Stephen Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms."

Were there any precedents in US history when a president lost after one term in office and then tried to run again in four years?

What first made you choose history as your career?

Interesting stuff, it sounds to me like in the external letters he's merely willing to scapegoat the Yuan in an attempt to smooth over any diplomatic issues they caused in the past.

Internally he doesn't want the Yuan scapegoated though because he lived and understood the very real problems the Yuan court caused and to let his officials scapegoat the Yuan and their origins as barbarians as the "true cause" of all the problems would be to fail to learn from the real problems.

His view is pretty consistent with my understanding of the Mandate of Heaven, interestingly he refers to natural disasters but seems to suggest that those weren't so much directly a sign of the loss as the Yuan's failed reaction to them were. Further I feel like he is characterizing the rebels and banditry as a natural disaster in a way, a natural reaction to a court that isn't governing properly, something awful and violent and dangerous, definitely not to be encouraged or glorified as righteous, but to be expected if the government fails in their duty to the people.

This emperor was literally born a peasant and rose to the top, which I expect gives him a proper perspective on the wasteful luxury, arbitrary justice, local corruption and clueless isolationism that can characterize Chinese dynasties that lost the mandate, but also he literally wasn't the first peasant emperor. I find it hard to imagine that he didn't understand his situation, the Yuan didn't lose China because they were foreign barbarians, and that if his government didn't govern properly than the pattern would just repeat again and another peasant would replace him

In "antiscia", Ptolemy used it as meaning "opposite of" when referring to constellations. This same use would probably mean "opposite of the shadow".

Thank you for compiling this! It was a fascinating read.

Do we have any accurate depictions or renderings of the cities of Nineveh and Babylon?

For a given value of "justify"

they sound chinese enough for chinese militarists to justify troop movements. I agree English sound italian enough for italian militarists to justify troop movement.... and in the end isn't that all that matters?

An amazing article that gives the reader a glance at a whole world of scholarship.

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> Naginatajutsu/kyujutsu would have been a subset of the curriculum of a kobudo,

Kyujutsu has typically (and if I’m not mistaken, indeed exclusively) been taught in specialised ryuha.

Actually yes there is. The wall didn't go down in a day, so between November 9 1989 (when the border opened) and when the wall was demolished (early 90s) artists started to paint on the Eastern side. It's still there, it's called the "East Side Gallery" and some of the most famous Berlin Wall art is actually there, like this very famous one.

If you mean graffiti before 1989... then no. There weren't. Because the wall wasn't just "heavily guarded" as you said. There was a litteral death strip where the guard shoot on sight.

And similarly, ancient maps show that Britain was part of the Roman Empire, therefore Italy has a territorial claim to modern England.

Often a good way to find if a statement is logically failed is to attempt to find other analogous situations, see if the same logic holds up, and if it doesn't work out why it doesn't.

That doesn't mean that Tibetans are Chinese.

You could use a similar logic with the U.K. Genetic studies indicate British people came from the East. What is to the East of Britain. Italy! Ergo British are Italians.

When you think of emigration and movements of peoples occurring in waves over centuries, you soon realise that the kind of reasoning in statements such as these are flawed.

If I'm reading this correctly, would the correct translation of "antiskios" be "counter shadow" or should it be something less literal like "before shadow" or "against shadow"? In other words "the angle that precedes before the shadow."

In any case, this was a fantastic read. It is difficult to imagine the different planes of an armilary sphere, but the text is bracingly clear.

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Their Eyes were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston will give you an unusual glimpse of Black life in the 1920's.

Most likely a variant of football/"soccer" with some form of rugby variant as well, based on the "throwing" and "catching." The ball likely about the size of today's volleyball, with an animal bladder to hold air, or a leather version stuffed with cotton or feathers or etc.

They also kept dead woman at home longer as they feared embalmers would have sex with them. So there’s that

I don’t see how TBH.

By late in the war, the Allies had air superiority.

Even WITH a few German jets in the air, the Allies owned the skies.

The big issue was German production and logistics. It was bad.

Sure WWII Germany knew how to build a jet, but they couldn’t build them or deploy them at any relevant scale.

They can no longer produce precision parts or high quality steel needed to build any serious numbers of jets or even quality traditional planes.

The can no longer get high quality fuel. The lack of good fuel means the plabes they do have can’t run as fast/hard. So allied planes are outperforming them.

Put all this together and its easy to see how allied air power took control of the skies late in the war.

So could the allies have gotten jets? Maybe. But so what?

If they’ve already taken control of the skies, getting a wonder plane that gives them more control of the skies doesn’t really change much.