Well in 2000+ years the pronunciation of this particular word stayed the same, the only thing that changed was the actual spelling.

It sounds like there were very few literate speakers until the language was fully codified recently. Meaning that it was free in that perhaps different families or communities had slightly different pronunciation of various words but could understand each other easily despite that fact.

Well, wouldn't it make more sense that modern Spanish has words from Arabic in it because of the Moorish Conquests and vice versa? Also, Spanish still has a heavy Latin influence and Arabs would have interacted with Latin speakers way back.

Or is that your point?

I never realized how much languages interact until i learned persian farsi as my third (after english and spanish) i found that although i couldnt speak arabic, i understood a fair few of the (written) words that i saw. The other thing was how many words lined up close enough from spanish to persian, i could absolutely believe modern european language has tones of vestigial language in it, and im just some shmuck, let alome professional hands

Zakhiku was founded around 1,800 BC by the Old Babylonian Empire that ruled Mesopotamia between the 19th and 15th centuries BC. With only water and soil in the area, Zakhiku was established to take advantage of the traffic of caravans and a flourishing trade route in the Near East, which includes the present-day Middle East, Turkey and Egypt.

The trading post grew into an important commercial city in the region for about 600 years before it was hit by an earthquake and later abandoned.

Zakhiku disappeared altogether in the 1980s, when – as part of the Mosul Dam project, built under the late Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein – it was flooded and submerged. Previously known as Saddam Dam, it is Iraq’s largest and most important water reservoir used for downstream irrigation.

Neither will fFrance

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Anyone know of a good audiobook on the Soviet theater in WWII? I'm looking for something that goes in depth on operations of specific battles and/or the politics in Moscow.

I'd love to listen to a 50+ hour series like Ian Toll's trilogy on the war in the Pacific but haven't been able to find one

My favourite is the word for train... Txutxu.

This isn't really sci-fi. Linguistic science already has pretty solid ways of finding these, and has done so for a while.

Or, they didn’t have enough excess industrial capacity for luxury items. I worked with a couple of women in the early eights that had fled brutal communism in East Germany that got along fine without wasteful pads that most American women use.

It could be because the Basque want to be an independent country but Spain won't let them

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A coffin might have to be moved or there are no family members alive anymore - oh any number of reasons. Hence no need for a gravemarker anymore. We might believe our final resting place will be for eternity but often it is not.

What I mean is the graveyard caretakers has to do this but I dont think they are more prone to haunting than any other person. I am half a skeptic to the existance of ghosts.

I’m going to hypothesize right now that future research using advanced language evolution modeling will predict that some number of words in European languages are derived from some of these hypothetical dead languages.

So much war takes place in the most ancient of human habitats, for whatever reason. Hope they can excavate it quick.

> Euskera was a very free form language, mostly relying on spoken word

> the euskera spoken in the early 20th century should be really similar to whatever version of it they were speaking 2000 years ago

Those are opposites.

Oh no, he has very much earned his reputation as pseudohistorical hack with his terrible research methodology, heavy reliance on old, outdated, and often plain bad secondary sources without doing even basic checks. (For instance, are they even reading the maps they're working with?), and his blatant mischaracterization of the field and studies.

Of course, Graham's explanation for why anyone knowledgeable in the field immediately calls him out for his flagrant and basic mistakes is that they must be in cahoots instead of his "research" being terrible.

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Thats a remarkably similar word to what we use today in euskera : zorioneko. Euskera was a very free form language, mostly relying on spoken word, up until the 1980s when Euskaltzaindia introduced "Euskera batua". In a way, the euskera spoken in the early 20th century should be really similar to whatever version of it they were speaking 2000 years ago, it's really impressive

Should be highlighted the previous "oldest writings in basque" we had (Glosas Emilianses) dated from either the 10th or 11th centuries. These scribes also included the first few Castilian Spanish writings so this new discovery is really remarkable and highlights the isolated nature of early Basque settlers

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Bot what do you mean?

Sometimes grave markers are removed and destroyed though by the caretakers for several reason. Its a bit upsetting to see them.

I imagine there is much more still under water? Based on the people in the photo this would be a very small city if that's all there is to it.

If it was found 2,100 years ago why are we hearing about it only now?