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Quarter sawn?

That really is an excellent museum. I was so surprised when I looked closely at the boats there and noticed that the wood they used to build those ships appears to be quarter sawn. Had no idea the Vikings were so advanced.

I'm intrigued by the current renovations that they'll have when they reopen in 2026.

Viking shipwrecks are immensely scarce. At least big ships. The Viking Ship Museum in Oslo showcase three ships, and that museum is a major tourist attraction because it is so unusual

Having said that 1300 is quite a long time after the Viking area

I agree. America was Spanish achievement regardless of Columbus's heritage. But, still, for some people it might be heart-warming knowing he was "one of ours".

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The sun and moon would easily have been 2 of the most interesting and mystical things for hundreds of thousands of years to past human cultures.

If it had bow and stern - how can it be one of the oldest shipwrecks? That is if Viking shipwrecks are immensely scarse.

TIL the Romans had their own version of the Franklin Mint.

Romans didn’t force everyone in their territories to speak Latin. Plus it takes centuries for a whole region to change languages and the Romans had only been holding the Levant for a short period at the time.

Its a very indepth topic, but I chose field marshal because I feel it best captures the full intent of how the title was used.

Originally imperator was more of a mere description referring to anyone who holds imperium, but over time it started to be used as a specific title that would be acclaimed by high ranking men after great victories. And then under empire was highly restricted to essentially only the main leaders. Added note in roman society 'command' was a significant status with significant legal implications and not something to be viewed as just a "military leadership" role

The closest parable to this sense is the 5 star marshal rank, which is a supreme rank but is not a standard position but instead typically given as an honor after wars and victories to leaders of militaries. And in fact dictators often take field marshal as their key title for much of this reason.

Makes you wonder how many unsuccessful usurpers we don’t know about.

You run into the problem of differences in silver/gold/etc content, so in addition to the difference in price between gold and silver themselves, the weights and purity of coins varied. Rome was a very sophisticated place to have a monetized economy under those circumstances. A merchant had to have a keen eye and good scales. It’s should be no real surprise that the economy in the West reverted to barter eventually. Imagine having a bag of euro and dollars and kroner today without access to a computer to know their immediate value.

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I mean, Wikipedia lists shlubs like the son of Magnus Maximus as legit Augusti, so I think the standard for who counts is "did you claim it, have territory, and a army"

“Imperator” means like, “one who commands” and so could be considered “commander”. I guess “imperator” in Latin and “commander” in English both have the connotation of military leader.

English “emperor” does come from “imperator”, but with significant semantic drift.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century

This will give you a better idea of what was going on in this period of the empire.

Hardcore History podcast has an episode that is available for free, called "The Celtic Holocaust", providing an educational and entertaining listen.

It is worth pointing out that damnatio memoriae is not actually an ancient phrase, or even really an ancient concept. There are cases of emperors having public monuments defaced but it wasn't really the official, organized, act of rewriting history that it is sometimes portrayed as in popular imagination. Think more pulling down Saddam Hussein's statues in Iraq or changing the street names in Germany after the second world war than something out of 1984.

In this case this is probably less any deliberate act of disrespect and more that our sources for the so-called Third Century Crisis are somewhat poor, and Dacia is a somewhat poorly understood region of the empire.

The New Testament is Written in Greek because the Old Testament was Helenized with Plato's Teachings by Philo Judeas. "Christianity is Platonism for the people." (Nietzsche, Prologue to Beyond Good and Evil) If you want, I'll PM you some little known history, direct from the source snips from a book vetted by Princeton.

What was a much longer article than I expected for someone who is only known about because of the existence of two coins.

The numbers for how many Gauls were killed and enslaved come from Caesar himself, and they are in his De Bello Gallico. Caesar, however, lists the initial population of Gaul as 3 million people.

I was talking about the current British Commonwealth, during Queen Victoria Britain was obviously an Empire.

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The etymology of the terms in our language yes.