This data is from 2017 so gas was actually pretty dirt cheap back then

For sure. When I’m in ketosis i function at another level mentally. Word recall is the most noticeable improvement, but it’s wide reaching. If I add coffee to that it’s like limitless; the benefits become systemic.

People did begin driving insanely in my city. Bad habits have continued til today, and I see far more people running red lights, rolling through crosswalks, illegal turns on red, etc.

Also, as an aside, legal turns in red shouldn’t even be a thing, for a several really obvious reasons if.

TL;DR most are too poor to own their own car now with all the associated costs, this isn’t “a movement” or some carbon footprint advancement, it’s inflation swallowing more and more people out of owning what used to be standard.

I'm not sure they actually looked at some of the more important factors, exercise, diet and sleep.

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>Variables considered were as follows: age, sex, race, partner status, education level, employment status, and smoking history.
>
>https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0282206

We know that depression is linked to exercise, sleep and diet. The actual mechanisms aren't clear but it could be due to BDNF, increased microcondrial health, brain volume, blood flow, anti-inflammatory, etc.

So it might be that depression is just correlated to poor survival rates, where the actual causal factors are sleep, diet and exercise.

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In this paper they focus on inflammation.

>“Depression should not be discounted. This study shows the strong link between depression and inflammation, with both related to poor outcomes
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>https://news.osu.edu/depression-linked-to-deadly-inflammation-in-lung-cancer-patients/

Which lines up with the fact exercise, sleep and diet all act as anti-inflammatory.

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>just one session of moderate exercise can also act as an anti-inflammatory.
>
>https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/pages/2017-01-12-exercise-can-act-as-anti-inflammatory.aspx#:~:text=The%20study%2C%20recently%20published%20online,an%20anti%2Dinflammatory%20cellular%20response.

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Since reddit has a hard on against, sleep, diet and exercise here are a few relevant studies demonstrating the link to depression.

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>Aerobic exercises, including jogging, swimming, cycling, walking, gardening, and dancing, have been proved to reduce anxiety and depression.3 These improvements in mood are proposed to be caused by exercise-induced increase in blood circulation to the brain and by an influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and, thus, on the physiologic reactivity to stress.3 This physiologic influence is probably mediated by the communication of the HPA axis with several regions of the brain, including the limbic system, which controls motivation and mood; the amygdala, which generates fear in response to stress; and the hippocampus, which plays an important part in memory formation as well as in mood and motivation.
>
>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470658/#i1523-5998-8-2-106-b3

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We have studies showing that exercise is just as if not more effective as medicine and therapy in treating depression

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>University of South Australia researchers are calling for exercise to be a mainstay approach for managing depression as a new study shows that physical activity is 1.5 times more effective than counselling or the leading medications. https://www.unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2023/exercise-more-effective-than-medicines-to-manage-mental-health
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>In conclusion, PA is effective for improving depression and anxiety across a very wide range of populations. All PA modes are effective, and higher intensity is associated with greater benefit. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2023/03/02/bjsports-2022-106195
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>Four trials (n = 300) compared exercise with pharmacological treatment and found no significant difference (SMD -0.11, -0.34, 0.12). From https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24026850/
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>Running therapy and antidepressant medication had similar effects on mental health (remission and response rates). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032723002239>
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>The mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of exercise remain in debate; however, the efficacy of exercise in decreasing symptoms of depression has been well established https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC474733/

Exercise has massive effects on mitochondria, which might be partly a mechanism in relation to depression.

>Mitochondria Linked to Major Depression in Older Adults https://today.uconn.edu/2023/02/mitochondria-linked-to-major-depression-in-older-adults/#>

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Sleep, exercise and depression are all linked to brain volume

>Conclusion: Our results suggest that lower CV fitness and exaggerated exercise BP and HR responses in middle-aged adults are associated with smaller brain volume nearly 2 decades later. Promotion of midlife CV fitness may be an important step towards ensuring healthy brain aging.
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>https://n.neurology.org/content/86/14/1313.short?rss=1
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>This study shows that a more severe and chronic lifetime disease course in MDD is associated with reduced volume in brain regions relevant for executive and cognitive functions and emotion regulation in a large sample of patients representing the broad heterogeneity of MDD disease course. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/da.23260>
>
>We found that longitudinal measures of cortical atrophy were widely correlated with sleep quality. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4162301/

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>A better diet quality is associated with larger brain tissue volumes.
>
>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29769374/

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>The diet may have a significant effect on preventing and treating depression for the individual. A diet that protects and promotes depression should consist of vegetables, fruits, fibre, fish, whole grains, legumes and less added sugar, and processed foods. In the public health nurse’s preventative and health-promoting work, support and assistance with changing people’s dietary habits may be effective in promoting depression. From https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7084175/

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>Current evidence supports the finding that omega-3 PUFAs with EPA ≥ 60% at a dosage of ≤1 g/d would have beneficial effects on depression Https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-019-0515-5

Sleep is really important, if you aren't sleeping properly you have have a tenfold higher risk of depression,

>People with insomnia , for example, may have a tenfold higher risk of developing depression From https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/depression-and-sleep-understanding-the-connection

Except now you have to add in the taxi, so it's -1 for the individual car and +1 for the taxi = net 0 / no change.

I feel like "taxicabs" are probably skewing the data. I had only been in a taxicab twice in my life until Uber and Lyft started gaining traction in my early 20s. Now I take some sort of rideshare 5 to 10 times a year. I'm sure other people's stories are similar.

Please let cities get entire car lanes dedicated to bikes. It makes sense now w battery powered versions now too.

I've a theory about increasing ridership from drivers.

I have to pay a public transit free on my license renewal, it's variable based on engine volume and home address (aka big truck in city, high cost; small car in suburb, lower cost; anything rural, no cost). I generally like the idea of this fee.

HOWEVER, I think it should also come with a discount on public transit that's the same as the public transit fee. IE. if the fee is $240 a year, then $20 off a monthly pass.

This way, the incentive to the individual is that they are losing an advantage/money by not getting the transit pass. Once a driver has a monthly pass, I think they are more likely to at least consider public transit for each trip.

I also think the psychology would support that since the pass is paid for, and not free, even by an indirect means; it would have a positive perception effect.

Get an electric bike and you won't sweat anymore.

Anecdotally it was much better for my attention problems than any amount of any medication.

If you’ve ever observed people who work with horses (or observed a horse’s intelligence), it makes a lot of sense we would be interacting with them for many thousands of years.

Much like the domestication of wolves into dogs, that sort of social intelligence/awareness with humans takes a LONG time

I bike to work and metro in the winter/poor weather/don't feel like biking days. Both these methods are 50 min flat. The drive into work is 25 minutes, the drive home is 30-70 minutes.

So let's call it an extra 50 minutes to not drive. On bike, this time comes from my gym time, since I knock out some cardio. On metro this time comes from TV or reading time, since I read if I get a seat or watch TV if standing (and also sometimes sitting).

Gas mileage was a whole lot worse though...98 cents is like $1.80 today, and I'm pretty sure my car now could make it further on the same amount of cash paying current prices than my parents cars could have in $.98. Definitely could have 2 years ago. And obviously could have for the little while in 2020 gas was only like $1.90

> layout of American cities is not suitable for good public transport. People often point out that it can be good in Europe, and it can, but you know where? In high density cities like Amsterdam or Prague or Paris or London

This is a half truth that is incorrectly used as an excuse to do nothing. All cities in the US have forms where there would be good support for transit if there was good transit, but since there isn't good transit people drive. There are apartments with high enough density but not transit all over, we need to serve them. There are through roads every mile or two, and thus within biking distance of most houses (if we figure out how to handle bikes on transit) It doesn't solve everything, but using bad form in some places as an excuse to not have transit anywhere is not good. And if you have good transit (and zoning allows) you can then build denser than current cities do.

Because young people can't afford cars.

Those things, and also just the increasing difficulty to find free parking in major centres, along with the rise of Uber/Lyft, lowering cab prices a bit.

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There’s also far left stuff on here as well.

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Busses would get to stops faster if we also didn’t have to wait for everyone to pay their fare upon boarding

Trying to force every human to own a car has to be one of the worst scams in America.

> and it means more money is meeded from someplace.

Not always, often it just breaks even because the cost of transacting, securing payments, payment equipment, enforcing anti-turnstyle jumping, etc end up eating most of the payments received.

This is probably less the case now that public transit is less cash-based, but it's still a consideration.

When people jump right in with a powerful and fast machine before ever learning normal trail etiquette, that's what we get. It is frustrating, because there's nothing stopping someone on a Class 3 e-bike from keeping to safe and polite speeds on shared paths. I've done it.

As long as roads are as terrible as they are, I have a hard time deciding who shouldn't be allowed on paths, though. It might just have to be a societal growing pain with a lot of public education, or we can at least disallow bikes that have those vestigial pedals and way-too-high top speeds.