Recent comments in /f/science
AutoModerator t1_jbjfke9 wrote
Reply to Androgen study could lead to new treatments for breast cancer. Gender-affirming androgen therapy in transgender men ‘reprograms’ the breast tissue to more closely resemble cis-male tissue, according to international researchers. by MistWeaver80
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AutoModerator t1_jbjf542 wrote
Reply to The American Civil War transformed how Americans understood and described their country. The “United States” shifted from a plural to a singular noun (as measured by the contents of newspapers and congressional speeches). This shift was largely driven by the discourse of Northern Republicans. by smurfyjenkins
Welcome to r/science! This is a heavily moderated subreddit in order to keep the discussion on science. However, we recognize that many people want to discuss how they feel the research relates to their own personal lives, so to give people a space to do that, personal anecdotes are allowed as responses to this comment. Any anecdotal comments elsewhere in the discussion will be removed and our normal comment rules apply to all other comments.
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[deleted] t1_jbiw4gh wrote
GeoGeoGeoGeo OP t1_jbim9u4 wrote
Reply to Searching for evidence of life on Mars is a major impetus for exploration, however, current Mars mission instruments lack the essential sensitivity to identify life traces in Chilean desert samples that strongly resemble the martian area currently under study by NASA’s Perseverance rover. by GeoGeoGeoGeo
Research Paper (open access): Dark microbiome and extremely low organics in Atacama fossil delta unveil Mars life detection limits
AutoModerator t1_jbim8lu wrote
Reply to Searching for evidence of life on Mars is a major impetus for exploration, however, current Mars mission instruments lack the essential sensitivity to identify life traces in Chilean desert samples that strongly resemble the martian area currently under study by NASA’s Perseverance rover. by GeoGeoGeoGeo
Welcome to r/science! This is a heavily moderated subreddit in order to keep the discussion on science. However, we recognize that many people want to discuss how they feel the research relates to their own personal lives, so to give people a space to do that, personal anecdotes are allowed as responses to this comment. Any anecdotal comments elsewhere in the discussion will be removed and our normal comment rules apply to all other comments.
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killercurvesahead t1_jbihvmj wrote
Reply to comment by CheesyDutch in Consumers respond less positively to new products when their brand names use unconventional spellings of real words, like “Klear” instead of “Clear.” Findings showed that consumers saw these names as indicating the brand was less honest, down-to-earth and wholesome. by geoff199
In English the young animal and its meat are both called lamb, but the mature animal is a sheep and its meat is called mutton.
[deleted] t1_jbignef wrote
Reply to Ice Age Survivors. Study focuses on the people who lived between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago and that are, at least partially, the ancestors of the present-day population of Western Eurasia, including – for the first time – the genomes of people who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) by Wagamaga
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adamredwoods t1_jbig6xq wrote
Reply to Two-pronged immunotherapy eliminates metastatic breast cancer in mice | Suggests a new approach for treating breast cancers that have spread to bone by chrisdh79
OX40 and p38MAPK inhibitor drugs already exist and used in other trials, so that's a good sign. Not sure what's stopping them from starting?
Associated links:
https://www.mycancergenome.org/content/drugs/tavolimab/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P38_mitogen-activated_protein_kinases
MurphysLab OP t1_jbifznn wrote
Reply to comment by sojayn in Aromatic hexazine rings — [N₆]⁴⁻ — an all-nitrogen analogue of benzene, have finally been synthesized by researchers using high-pressure, laser-heated synthesis. The hexazine rings are present within a complex K₉N₅₆ structure containing [N₆]⁴⁻ and [N₅]⁻ rings as well as neutral nitrogen dimers. by MurphysLab
/u/BiochemistChef's response is great, so I'll try not to repeat.
Instead, I'll highlight another aspect: A ring containing 6 nitrogen atoms and 6 electrons in pi-orbitals is something which theory has predicted could exist for a long time and which we might make. But while theory is good, reality is always more interesting. Reality often functions as the measuring stick by which we can see if our theories are correct or not. That's the fundamental nature of science.
Consider those physicists who keep on proving Einstein right again and again: They're checking to see if reality looks the same as our theoretical understanding.
Another aspect of why this was published in a prominent chemistry journal (and why I'm rather enthused about the result) is that benzene has very interesting chemistry which is the result of the special arrangement of electrons which it possesses. It's the foundation of huge swaths of chemistry. And so chemists have seen how we might modify it so it's not just 6 carbon atoms in a ring.
Chemists wonder "What happens if we start swapping out some of the 6 carbon atoms in a benzene ring for different atoms?" Those molecules are termed heterocyclic compounds.
https://i0.wp.com/www.compoundchem.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Heterocycles-graphic.png?ssl=1
What happens if you swap 1 carbon atom with a nitrogen atom? Pyridine is just that and it's a motif which appears frequently. The nitrogen allows chemists to use it as a ligand for metal atoms.
What if we replace 2 carbon atoms with nitrogen atoms? We've done that. It give you pyrimidine, pyrazine, and pyridazine, each with different chemical properties.
You'll note that the series doesn't stop with just 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms substituted. We can imagine a complete series:
- 6-membered rings with zero nitrogen atoms: benzine
- 6-membered rings with one nitrogen atom: pyridine
- 6-membered rings with two nitrogen atoms: diazines
- 6-membered rings with three nitrogen atoms: triazines
- 6-membered rings with four nitrogen atoms: tetrazines
- 6-membered rings with five nitrogen atoms: pentazine (still only hypothetical)
- 6-membered rings with six nitrogen atoms: hexazine
Using series of molecules like that, we can better understand why they have the properties that we observe and how we might plan to change the properties of other similar heterocyclic molecules.
I'd add that many of those N-heterocycle motifs turn up in really useful molecules. For a munch of my PhD, I worked with plastics containing polyvinylpyridine to make cool nano patterns.
Those nitrogen containing aromatic molecules also turn up in pharmaceuticals:
- Rosuvastatin, _ a statin medication, used to prevent cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and treat abnormal lipids_.
- There's a slew of quinoline derivatives with medical application, including quinine which was long used as an antimalarial medication.
- Adenine one of the nucleobases in our DNA contains the pyrimidine motif. That pyrimidine motif shows up in a lot of pharmaceuticals.
Many of those need the nitrogen(s) in the ring for efficacy, so it's also worth exploring new synthetic methods for making nitrogen heterocycles. They aren't typically using lasers and diamond anvil cells, but the future might hold some surprises.
Suspicious_Diver4234 t1_jbidlcu wrote
Reply to Consumers respond less positively to new products when their brand names use unconventional spellings of real words, like “Klear” instead of “Clear.” Findings showed that consumers saw these names as indicating the brand was less honest, down-to-earth and wholesome. by geoff199
Agreeing with the findings, this kind of unconventional spelling of words can certainly make the consumer less trusting of the product and the brand. Having an honest, transparent vibe becomes all the more important when launching a new product.
BiochemistChef t1_jbi9pdo wrote
Reply to comment by TBSchemer in Aromatic hexazine rings — [N₆]⁴⁻ — an all-nitrogen analogue of benzene, have finally been synthesized by researchers using high-pressure, laser-heated synthesis. The hexazine rings are present within a complex K₉N₅₆ structure containing [N₆]⁴⁻ and [N₅]⁻ rings as well as neutral nitrogen dimers. by MurphysLab
True, I got so excited about the ring I glossed over the ridiculous environmental constraints. But I was also thinking it might be a high energy step in the process of synthesizing something else or possibly stabilized as part of a larger carrying unit, sort of like hemoglobin. I have no proof but I like to dream.
TBSchemer t1_jbi9bme wrote
Reply to comment by BiochemistChef in Aromatic hexazine rings — [N₆]⁴⁻ — an all-nitrogen analogue of benzene, have finally been synthesized by researchers using high-pressure, laser-heated synthesis. The hexazine rings are present within a complex K₉N₅₆ structure containing [N₆]⁴⁻ and [N₅]⁻ rings as well as neutral nitrogen dimers. by MurphysLab
I wouldn't expect this compound to be directly useful for anything, given that it's unstable at all but the most extreme pressures. It's more of a theoretical demonstration.
TBSchemer t1_jbi953y wrote
Reply to comment by sea_of_joy__ in Aromatic hexazine rings — [N₆]⁴⁻ — an all-nitrogen analogue of benzene, have finally been synthesized by researchers using high-pressure, laser-heated synthesis. The hexazine rings are present within a complex K₉N₅₆ structure containing [N₆]⁴⁻ and [N₅]⁻ rings as well as neutral nitrogen dimers. by MurphysLab
There are no applications. It's just a theoretical exercise.
War_Hymn t1_jbi5ob7 wrote
Reply to comment by goobershank in Rising prices created the opportunity for U.K. housebuilders to extract larger profits — reaching £70,000 (at 2016 prices) per dwelling by marketrent
I think you need to recheck the definition of profit.
Test19s t1_jbi5257 wrote
Reply to comment by Water_Spice in Ice Age Survivors. Study focuses on the people who lived between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago and that are, at least partially, the ancestors of the present-day population of Western Eurasia, including – for the first time – the genomes of people who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) by Wagamaga
A mix of Middle Eastern, North African, and Central Asian iirc.
[deleted] t1_jbi50nd wrote
Reply to comment by sea_of_joy__ in Ice Age Survivors. Study focuses on the people who lived between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago and that are, at least partially, the ancestors of the present-day population of Western Eurasia, including – for the first time – the genomes of people who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) by Wagamaga
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No-Sock7425 t1_jbi4ck1 wrote
XNormal t1_jbi450h wrote
Reply to Aromatic hexazine rings — [N₆]⁴⁻ — an all-nitrogen analogue of benzene, have finally been synthesized by researchers using high-pressure, laser-heated synthesis. The hexazine rings are present within a complex K₉N₅₆ structure containing [N₆]⁴⁻ and [N₅]⁻ rings as well as neutral nitrogen dimers. by MurphysLab
Molecules with lots of nitrogens tend to be… explodey
theoneronin t1_jbi2tpm wrote
Reply to comment by sea_of_joy__ in Aromatic hexazine rings — [N₆]⁴⁻ — an all-nitrogen analogue of benzene, have finally been synthesized by researchers using high-pressure, laser-heated synthesis. The hexazine rings are present within a complex K₉N₅₆ structure containing [N₆]⁴⁻ and [N₅]⁻ rings as well as neutral nitrogen dimers. by MurphysLab
I’m hoping to help the nitrogen cycle and food, but I’m guessing not.
Individual-Lie-9316 t1_jbi2afl wrote
Reply to comment by sassmo in Alleviation of Asthma Symptoms After Ketogenic Diet: A Case Report - Over the four months on the ketogenic diet, the patient reported losing 20 kg of weight, reduction in blood pressure, and complete alleviation of asthma symptoms. by Meatrition
Contraindicated if you’re already on tapeworm for weight loss
sea_of_joy__ t1_jbhz40n wrote
Reply to comment by Test19s in Ice Age Survivors. Study focuses on the people who lived between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago and that are, at least partially, the ancestors of the present-day population of Western Eurasia, including – for the first time – the genomes of people who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) by Wagamaga
> “So, uh, this weird peninsula on the west coast of Asia,
Don't you mean Europe?
[deleted] t1_jbjgui3 wrote
Reply to Androgen study could lead to new treatments for breast cancer. Gender-affirming androgen therapy in transgender men ‘reprograms’ the breast tissue to more closely resemble cis-male tissue, according to international researchers. by MistWeaver80
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