I can tell you from anecdotal evidence of my own that I bought a high end american manufactured vape about 5 or 6 years ago. Everything cost around 120 to get shipped to me. I spent about 20 dollars on e juice every 3 weeks to a month. My lung health had improved signifcantly, rarely get a couch, and am revolted by the smell of cigarettes now. Once I started with the vape, I never even thought about smoking cigarettes again. I'm currently on the 6mg of nicotine level e juice. I smoked up to a pack of day for 15 years before that at 4 to 10 dollars a pack. I still find it amusing when certain hipsters who care what people think make fun of people who vape. Imagine being so worried about what others think, but you still hate on others for making themselves healthier.

This was already posted yesterday and I'll say what I did then. This lady has been claiming she's found cleopatras tomb for 20 years to any and anybody who will listen to get funding. Move on....

Most polytheism follows the same rules. The gods are powerful and represent fate, nature, or forces they didn't understand. They didn't care for humans, unless you made a deal with them with a sacrifice. The gods were expected to return the favor after the sacrifice. Roman and Greek priests served a myriad of functions. They served as judges, as actual priests thar conducted rituals, they kept the calender, they kept time, they stored the treasury, they stored peoples wills, they acted as a pension system to the poor, and they also were hospitals at some temples. All of the government services we have now were basically wrapped up into religion and the temple system. That is except law making and politics. That being said, the senate house in Rome, the forum and the immediate area was a vast religious complex made up of a vast number of temples and buildings where justice/law was conducted under the eyes of the gods. There almost always was some type of boundary delineating the sacred precincts.

First off, there are hundreds of trmples all over ancient egypt with hieroglyphics stating the king protects egypt from barbarians and shows him bashing their head in. There are steles which record all kinds of victories over barbarian peoples and they often denigrate the people. And I'm not sure how you couldn't find any sources, I literally got dozens of sites right away... but here you go. https://www.thetorah.com/article/egypts-attitude-towards-foreigners#:~:text=In%20ancient%20Egypt%2C%20the%20attitude%20towards%20foreigners%20varied,a%20mace%20on%20the%20exterior%20of%20temple%20walls.

https://www.gradevalley.com/ancient-egyptian-attitudes-towards-foreigners

https://anthropology.msu.edu/anp455-fs18/2018/11/29/foreigners-in-egypt/ here they talk about how subjected princes or their kids were taken to egypt to be culturally washed and made egytian to be sent back to rule their people under egypt.

https://chrisnaunton.com/2020/09/03/the-foreigner-as-scapegoat-lessons-from-ancient-egypt-and-today/

https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/foreigners-in-ancient-egypt-9781474241601/ .... again there are thousands of depictions of foreignors in tomb paintings. Rarely kind.

If you're looking for books, search it yourself. All of this info I found in seconds.

Mostly is right, but for hundreds of years foreign dynasties ruled as pharaohs too. You have the hyksos (semitic) the kushites, and the Macedonians. As for your post, there are a multitude of inscriptions and documents that call anyone from outside the Nile, barbarians. Pretty much all the great civilizations treated foreigners the same way. As if they were inferior, barbaric, uncivilized and less human.

Thank you! Man I can't believe nobody let me know sooner! Fixing it now

That's a barghhhhh

http://www.museumsofmayo.com/ceide-fields/img/neolithic-field-wall.jpg those are the rubble of the walls that have long been uncovered. Most of them are still intact under the peat up to a meter or more. I can't find a photo, but in one of neil Oliver's documentaries, the history of ancient Britain (age of farming I think ita called on youtube) he exposes an intact wall. They cover a truly expansive area, all under the peat now.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ide_Fields ... the currents in the Atlantic Ocean off of spain will bring you right to Ireland. There has already been significant study of how these currents took seeds and mediterranean plants to Ireland after the ice melted after the last ice age. In Britain the plants are the ones in northern France, Denmark and Scandinavian. I linked the field system because they're well known, however there are a myriad of long barrows, Neolithic tombs and standing stones that are older than those in Britain by centuries to a millenia. It's likely they spread from Ireland. You also have the Orkney island culture (stones of stennese, skara brae) which seems to have spread South at just a little later date. Arachaeologists are trying to figure out where these rituals started in the isles. Like most things, it was probably a combination of cultures that came together. One thing is for sure, they all are very similar to each other for thousands of years showing trade routes and a widespread belief system based on the seasonal equinoxes/solstices.

John of gaunt was one of the sons of Edward the 3rd. He was the richest man in England basically. The couple recieved papal dispensation for their marriage and to make their children legitimate. You know he paid a whole lot of fleeces to the pope for that one. Kathryn swynfords sister was married to geophrey chaucer. It's said chaucer and his wife profited greatly from this family connection. Getting appointments for his family and pensions. Chaucer was given an annual stipend of a gallon of wine a day for life by Richard the 2nd. Given on a st. Day that honors artists. He had traveled Europe serving both John of gaunt and Lionel of anterp. Both sons of Edward 3. Chaucer must have been creating literary works during this time to lead up to the stipend/pension. When Henry the 4th (bolingbroke,, son of John of gaunt) took the throne, the stipend was turned into a monetary payment. By the time of his death, it seems he wasn't receiving it for whatever reason. It's the last record of chaucer asking for his pension repeatedly.

I mean it's not just the Irish Neolithic, pretty much all of Europe had the same beliefs. We know farming came sooner to Ireland than Britain, but that's just what we've found yet. It's likely the Neolithic package was spread by sons looking for new farms for theirself and they taught people along the way. It doesn't take that many centuries to spread out from the middle east this way. You also have the beaker folk who the original ones seem to have been far distance traders who basically created trading posts by settling in to new populations bringing new techs. Then you have the massive depopulation of Britain soon after this time. Could have been from disease brought by the new people... still, once the Neolithic package came to an area, it was much the same, just with local variants.

Turnip head is much more frightening

Thurkill has a boatload of these. He also has crosses for the slaves.

Makes me wonder if a crusader brought It back, but that'd be a long journey with glass. The later crusaders did use ships to travel most of the way, like the one that took Lisbon Portugal from the moors. I could totally see a Syrian beaker being looted and brought back from Lisbon. It Lines up with the 12th century, but of course, speculation.

The rugii, thuringians, and the jutes, cherusci, chatti, and batavii.. and those pesky Irish who created the kingdom of Dal riada. What a chaotic age.

But that's not any fun, at least I didn't mention the feasting on baby...

That's a good point. After the end of the crisis of the third century, diocletian began the dominate. It's usually marked 284 ad as the starting point. Diocletion declared alot of laws that weren't common to the west. Such as having people kneel and bow before him. He also decreed price ceilings on a variety of goods and that sons would inherit their own fathers job. They would need special permission to move. This is the first steps to feudalism, so I'm glad you mentioned it.

Well sometimes it was absolutely bloody, and they brought their families to watch! In wagon trains!

Cousin granny? Can I have some more mammoth pleeease? What a great article though.

When Constantine made Constantinople the roman capitol, the elite of rome followed him there. I have no doubt that some families kept the lesser family members in their estates in Rome if they didn't sell them outright; however the west continued to decline. There would have absolutely been a migration of the wealthier classes at certain times to the east. Some families whose power was from holdings in the west, would have stayed until they had to relinquish that power. By the time of the west's collapse, the dominant families in Rome were high ranking members of the church. The nobles who were close to the western emperor would have been in Ravenna. By this time there were still old Roman families, but they had also intermarried various barbarian invaders at the higher ranks. There is also documented cases of people fleeing to the eastern empire after the last emperor fell. So in essence yes, but I doubt most peasants would be involved. Also you have the tribes of Germania who were conquered by the huns and went east with them until Atilla was defeated.

Wut. All of these people were wandering tribes who came with their families. They are the definition of mass migration. It's not called the freaking migration period for no reason 😒

This is absolutely false. I've seen some bad comments but jeez. The western Roman empire fell from mass migrations. Let's name some. The huns, the goths, the vandals, the Frank's, the celts, the moors, the Saxons. Now let's go to the eastern empire. The pechaneg, the rus, the turks. Ffs.....

With those two names next to each other, I'm surprised this stone hasn't cracked in two and pummeled each other to dust...

I didn't know that about Switzerland and the "alps". Very interesting. I've heard stories about using using cows. It's not so far fetched because cows would be more attainable and served more than one purpose. I'm also aware of the rights granted to the lower classes in the late medieval to early Renaissance Era. Alot of fascinating rebellions that led to the common classes restoring some of their rights. I believe the holy Roman empire lended itself to the situation by being leas centrally dominated than France or England. From what I know it was a web of independent operators which were loosely grouped together, so rights could vary widely across the empire. Overall it seems the lower classes enjoyed more freedom and representation quit earlier than the rest of the western big powers. I was not aware that Hungary imported alot of cattle, but it would make sense due to the expansive grasslands. As for the last part about traveling nobles, that was the norm since the fall of the roman empire. Lords/kings would travel to designated areas staying with their vassals to dispense justice and no doubt for some, to ease their own financial burden. In English history, there are multiple nobles who bankrupted themselves readying their estates for an impending monarchs visit. They would do it to get into the monarchs good graces in hopes of lucrative contracts. There are stories where the monarch never showed up, and the lord ended up bankrupt anyway without the monarch reimbursing them with favors. I usually would never use from this site, but I've read it and it's well written. https://www.history.com/news/elizabeth-i-royal-progress-expense

Yes most medieval villeins had an oxen if they could afford it. There are documents that explain villages would rent out an oxen to plow their fields through barter( or labor) from a person that had one. There's even documents of how a whole village shared the same oxen. Horses weren't used predominantly in ploughing until the late 18th century I believe. Villains/serfs belonged to the lord and lived on the lords land. He owed labor and rent, paid usually in working his masters field a certain amount of days. You then have free tenants who could move about as they like and didn't have to work the lords lands. There are stories of free peasants selling themselves back into serfdom to survive tough winters/failed harvests. At the top of the peasants were yeoman who could own land and probably employed multiple free peasants to help during harvest. They werent subject to the lord, but still would be subject to the lord that represented the crown in the area. They are obviously the most likely to afford their own oxen.